ПРОБЛЕМЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ИННОВАЦИОННОГО ПАРКА СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ ТРАКТОРОВ РОССИИ

In the market of agricultural tractors of Russia in 2013 were 900 domestic models, or 3.4 percent. There were produced 7655 tractors, 6707 from which were foreign models. It was revealed that purchasing power of the agricultural organizations appears at profitability not less than 20 percent. Because this indicator is 5.2-11.7 percent lower, agricultural enterprises are not able to turn over their fleets. The authors have presented the forecast of development of tractor fleet till 2020 taking into account the solution of national tasks, including import substitution and dynamics of the annual purchases providing its realization. Methodology of development of the State program of food import substitution based on tractor fleet revival as conditions of self-sustainability of Russia was proposed. A role of tractor fleet as multiplier in development of the mechanized agricultural production was revealed. The first-priority problem is working out of tractors of economic category.На рынке сельскохозяйственных тракторов России в 2013 г. отечественные модели составили 0,9 тыс.ед., или 3,4 процента. Было произведено 7655 тракторов, 6707 из которых представлены иностранными моделями. Выявили, что покупательная способность сельскохозяйственных организаций появляется при рентабельности не менее 20 процентов. Так как этот показатель на 5,2-11,7 процента ниже, сельхозпредприятия не способны полноценно обновлять парк. Представили прогноз развития тракторного парка до 2020 г. с учетом решения национальных задач, включая импортозамещение и динамику годовых закупок, обеспечивающих его реализацию. Предложили Методологию разработки Государственной программы продовольственного импортозамещения на основе возрождения тракторного парка как условия самодостаточности России. Выявили роль тракторного парка как мультипликатора в развитии механизированного сельхозпроизводства. В качестве первоочередной представили задачу разработки тракторов экономической категории

ПРОБЛЕМЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ИННОВАЦИОННОГО ПАРКА СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ ТРАКТОРОВ РОССИИ

Formation of tractors park and its perspective development are carried out on the basis of realization and improvement of the scientifically based types range constructed on a traction classification sign which conforms to requirements of agricultural production when performing two main conditions: full meeting the requirements for various standard sizes of tractors applicable to conditions of the corresponding zones of Russia and continuous reproduction and development of tractor fleet, both by quantity of efficient machinery and its structure. The developed types range practically runs the gamut of organizational and economic and climatic conditions, and also all range of forms of the organizations using machinery, beginning from individual consumers, small and large rent and contract collectives and finishing large-scale enterprises and their associations. Federal Service of State Statistics (Rosstat) information about a steady tendency of fleet reduction was used for studying of regularities of development of tractor fleet. This information was added by analytical synthesis of data about the annual brand purchases in the Russian market of agricultural tractors. The developed database shows a share of the tractors in fleets of agricultural organizations, which are used over depreciation term, and also minimum necessary number of new machines introduction for formation of volume of tractors with limit age and the total quantity of tractors necessary for minimization of set of expenses. It was established that it is possible to estimate visually the developed quantitative and age structure of tractors fleet and to predict its development on prospect by worked out database representing set of annual tractors brand lines purchasing.Формирование парка тракторов и его перспективное развитие осуществляются на основе реализации и совершенствования научно обоснованного типажа, построенного по тяговому классификационному признаку, который соответствует требованиям сельхозпроизводства при выполнении двух основных условий: полное обеспечение потребности в различных типоразмерах тракторов применительно условиям соответствующих зон России и постоянное воспроизводство и развитие тракторного парка, как по количеству работоспособной техники, так и по его структуре. Разработанный типаж охватывает практически весь диапазон организационно-хозяйственных и климатических условий, а также весь спектр форм организаций, использующих технику, начиная от индивидуальных потребителей, мелких и крупных арендных и подрядных коллективов и кончая крупными хозяйствами и их объединениями. Для изучения закономерностей развития тракторного парка информацию Росстат об устойчивой тенденции сокращения парка дополнили путем аналитического обобщения данных о годовых помарочных закупках на российском рынке сельскохозяйственных тракторов. Показали, что разработанная база данных отражает долю тракторов в парке СХО, используемых сверх срока амортизации, а также минимально необходимое количество введения новых машин для формирования объема тракторов предельного возраста и общего количества тракторов, необходимого для минимизации совокупности затрат. Установили, что наглядно оценить сложившуюся количественно-возрастную структуру парка тракторов и прогнозировать ее развитие на перспективу возможно при помощи разработанной базы данных, представляющей собой совокупность годовых помарочных закупочных линеек тракторов

Further progress in the study of epsilon iron oxide in archaeological baked clays

The occurrence of ε-Fe2O3 in archaeological samples that have been subjected to high temperatures is gradually being detected by the use of micrometric structural characterization techniques. This work provides new information by revealing that the ε-Fe2O3 is formed as a response to temperature, the aggregation state and the position within the baked clay with respect to the nearest heat source. In addition, depending mainly on the atmospheric environment, the temperature reached by the combustion structure, the distance from the heating source and the particle aggregation, other iron oxide magnetic phases are produced. In the baked clay studied here, hematite is found over the whole range of samples studied but its magnetic contribution is negligible. Magnetite is observed at the sample surface, probably due to local atmospheric environment closest to the combustion source. Maghemite is found at all depths up to 6 cm below the sample surface. ε-Fe2O3 has a limited distribution, found within 2–3 cm of the sample surface. Furthermore, the viability of this compound as a palaeofield marker has been evaluated in both archaeological and synthetic samples. The results indicate that ε-Fe2O3 is able to register the direction of the magnetic field. Linear palaeointensity plots have been obtained in synthetic samples, although the value of the palaeofield could be, sometimes, overestimated

Hydrogenated ZnO thin film with p-type surface conductivity from plasma treatment

© 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd. Fabrication of a ZnO p-n homojunction within a single structure by a simple process is a challenging task. In this work, an intrinsic p-type surface conductive layer of ZnO with a controlled concentration of holes over n-type conductive bulk was obtained by a one-step room-temperature process via hydrogen plasma treatment. Non-contact surface sensitive techniques, such as Kelvin probe force microscopy and conductive force atomic microscopy, confirmed the existence of surface p-type conductivity through analyzing the distribution and concentration of charge carriers on the topmost surface of hydrogenated ZnO. A theoretical framework was constructed to provide a rationale of the p-type surface conductivity and justify its relation to the treatment time. It is believed that this finding will open a new possibility for the fabrication of ZnO based p-n junction devices

Hydrogenated ZnO thin film with p-type surface conductivity from plasma treatment

© 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd. Fabrication of a ZnO p-n homojunction within a single structure by a simple process is a challenging task. In this work, an intrinsic p-type surface conductive layer of ZnO with a controlled concentration of holes over n-type conductive bulk was obtained by a one-step room-temperature process via hydrogen plasma treatment. Non-contact surface sensitive techniques, such as Kelvin probe force microscopy and conductive force atomic microscopy, confirmed the existence of surface p-type conductivity through analyzing the distribution and concentration of charge carriers on the topmost surface of hydrogenated ZnO. A theoretical framework was constructed to provide a rationale of the p-type surface conductivity and justify its relation to the treatment time. It is believed that this finding will open a new possibility for the fabrication of ZnO based p-n junction devices

Marco Spada, opéra-comique en 3 actes, représenté pour la 1re fois, à Paris, sur le théâtre de l'opéra comique, ce 21 décembre 1852, poème de Mr Eugène Scribe

Titre uniforme : Auber, Daniel-François-Esprit (1782-1871). Compositeur. [Marco Spada (Opéra-comique). AWV 43

Magnetic Granulometry and Mössbauer Spectroscopy of Synthetic Fe<inf>m</inf>O<inf>n</inf>-TiO<inf>2</inf> Composites

© 2020 IEEE. FemOn-TiO2 particle aggregates have been obtained using the sol-gel method and hydrothermal treatment. It is shown that the synthesis conditions favor forming composites that contain titanomagnetite in very low concentrations. Hysteresis loops and demagnetization curves of anhysteretic remanent magnetization were measured with a vibration sample and a SQUID magnetometer, respectively. Mössbauer spectroscopy, bulk magnetic properties, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, coupled with the theoretical analysis of magnetostatic interaction between finely dispersed particles lead to a conclusion that the studied composites can be viewed as groups of interacting clusters 2-20 μm in size, consisting of chemically heterogeneous, mostly single-domain or close to single-domain particles with an average size of about 100 nm