Economics of chhari and marketable-size carps in Bara, Nepal

A study was conducted to analyze the economics of production of chhari and marketable-size carps in Bara, Nepal. All total 90 farmers; 45 chhari producing and 45 marketable-size carps producing farmers were selected randomly and surveyed through pre-tested semi-structured interview based schedule on the month of March, 2019. Data was entered and analyzed using STATA 12.1 and SPSS 25. Findings of the study revealed that the total cost of fish production per hectare of pond area was 971927 NRs/year. Chhari production was profitable in the study area as compared to marketable-size carps with a Benefit Cost Ratio of 1.97 and 1.67 respectively. Production function analysis including six explanatory variables, showed significant effect of feed, labour (p<0.01), maintenance, fuel and electricity (p<0.05) and lime, fertilizer and medicine costs (p<0.1) but seed cost was insignificant. The return to scale was found to be 0.906 and at II stage of Production. According to estimated allocative efficiency indices, it is suggested to reduce seed; and lime, fertilizer cum medicine cost by 159% and 72% respectively, and increase the maintenance; feed; fuel cum electricity; and labour cost by about 95%, 33%, 95%, and 50% respectively for chhari producers. Similarly for marketable-size carp producers, it is suggested to decrease fuel and electricity cost by 176% and increase maintenance; seed; feed; lime, fertilizer and medicine; and labour cost by 95%, 86%, 13%, 29%, and 30% respectively. Thus, fishery enterprise is in the stage of higher potentiality to increase the production in the study area

Growth and yield performance of hybrid tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) lines at Parwanipur, Bara, Nepal

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of hybrid tomato lines on growth and yield performance at Regional Agriculture research Station (RARS), Parwanipur, Nepal during end of September, 2018 to April, 2019. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with seven hybrid tomato lines as treatments and three replications. The tested lines included Srijana and Dalila as check varieties and other lines, developed by crossing HRA and HRD lines which showed better performance under late blight conditions. HRA 20× HRD 1 showed significantly higher plant height (110.67 cm) which was statistically at par with genotype HRA 14× HRD 7. The highest number of fruits per plant (69) was recorded from Srijana whereas the lowest number of fruits per plant (37) was recorded from cv. HRA20 × HRD1. The fruit yield of the lines ranged from 50.54 t/ha to 32.2 t/ha with Srijana having the highest yield and HRA 20× HRD 1 as the lowest. Similar results were shown regarding the marketable fruit yield. However, the highest individual fruit weight (34.67g) was recorded in HRA 14× HRD 7 and the least fruit weight was recorded in Srijana (24.22 g). Results showed that the maximum TSS (5.53 0Brix) was recorded from Dalila which was similar as Srijana. Hence, the overall performance of Srijana was recorded superior regarding both quantitative and qualitative suggesting Srijana as the recommended variety in the given domain. Here authors concluded that Srijana is still a comparatively better hybrid variety in Nepal.&nbsp

Fiseability study of nepalese fast food and restaurants in Tampere region

The main purpose of this academic thesis writing was to create a feasibility research for a Nepalese fast food and restaurant. These days, Finland is becoming more and more diverse in field of varieties of fast food and restaurant businesses from all over the world. People love the new taste of different ethnicities and demand is rising. Due to the fact that most of the European food taste are being less with spice and hotness, the spicy taste of Nepalese food has a great opportunity to fit into the Finnish market. The main objective of this business plan and thesis was to provide a detail information about introducing this type of a Nepalese fast food start-up in which includes guide to register different forms of business, strategic planning and a solid market research. Similarly, A survey was conducted among 60 partici-pants to understand the consumer’s preferences on Nepalese fast food and other factors affecting their buying decisions. Half of the participants were Finnish and half were non-Finnish residents. This sur-vey was conducted through emails mostly. In the same way, I researched and included all the information about the demand and supply of such an industry type and also the business strategy and a marketing plan needed for this thesis. The main theme of the business plan was customer satisfaction, finding and fulfilling the right spot of niche business area

Spatial distribution of histological subtypes of Meningioma: A 14-Year longitudinal study in a developing country

Background: Meningiomas are extra-axial tumors that arise from meningothelial cells, accounting for about one-third of primary central nervous system malignancies. While they are often classified by location and histology, the role of the molecular profile in their development and progression is significant. The topographic distribution of meningiomas has not been extensively studied, and it is unclear whether specific histological subtypes have predilection sites. Therefore, this study analyzes the preferred locations of meningiomas according to different biological characteristics and their association with different gradings. Methods: This is a retrospective chart review of patients in tertiary institutes over 14 years. The data were retrieved from medical and pathological record archives. An association between the biological nature of tumors and the location of meningiomas was analyzed. SPSS version 25 was used to analyze the data. Results: Out of 272 patients, the predominant location for meningioma distribution was convexity (33.5%), followed by parafalcine (12.5%). WHO Grade I meningiomas were the most common, accounting for 84.2% of all meningiomas. The transitional histological subtype is the common variant (34.6%). The distribution of the histological subtype of meningioma in relation to tentorium was statistically significant. However, that was not the case with the skull base. Conclusion: The spatial distribution of meningiomas within the brain is not uniform. The most frequent locations for meningiomas were found to be convexity and parafalcine. Transitional and fibroblastic meningiomas were the predominant subtypes

Maintenance of Sex-Related Genes and the Co-Occurrence of Both Mating Types in <i>Verticillium dahliae</i>

<div><p><i>Verticillium dahliae</i> is a cosmopolitan, soilborne fungus that causes a significant wilt disease on a wide variety of plant hosts including economically important crops, ornamentals, and timber species. Clonal expansion through asexual reproduction plays a vital role in recurring plant epidemics caused by this pathogen. The recent discovery of recombination between clonal lineages and preliminary investigations of the meiotic gene inventory of <i>V. dahliae</i> suggest that cryptic sex appears to be rare in this species. Here we expanded on previous findings on the sexual nature of <i>V. dahliae</i>. Only 1% of isolates in a global collection of 1120 phytopathogenic <i>V. dahliae</i> isolates contained the <i>MAT1-1</i> idiomorph, whereas 99% contained <i>MAT1-2</i>. Nine unique multilocus microsatellite types comprised isolates of both mating types, eight of which were collected from the same substrate at the same time. Orthologs of 88 previously characterized sex-related genes from fungal model systems in the Ascoymycota were identified in the genome of <i>V</i>. <i>dahliae</i>, out of 93 genes investigated. Results of RT-PCR experiments using both mating types revealed that 10 arbitrarily chosen sex-related genes, including <i>MAT1-1-1</i> and <i>MAT1-2-1</i>, were constitutively expressed in <i>V</i>. <i>dahliae</i> cultures grown under laboratory conditions. Ratios of non-synonymous (amino-acid altering) to synonymous (silent) substitutions in <i>V</i>. <i>dahliae MAT1-1-1</i> and <i>MAT1-2-1</i> sequences were indistinguishable from the ratios observed in the <i>MAT</i> genes of sexual fungi in the <i>Pezizomycotina</i>. Patterns consistent with strong purifying selection were also observed in 18 other arbitrarily chosen <i>V</i>. <i>dahliae</i> sex-related genes, relative to the patterns in orthologs from fungi with known sexual stages. This study builds upon recent findings from other laboratories and mounts further evidence for an ancestral or cryptic sexual stage in <i>V. dahliae</i>.</p></div

Reverse-transcriptase PCR results of 10 <i>Verticillium dahliae</i> orthologs of genes associated with the sexual cycle in model fungal systems; gene names are provided for each lane; A) RT-PCR results from <i>V. dahliae</i> strain 58 (<i>MAT1-1)</i>.

<p>B) RT-PCR results from <i>V. dahliae</i> strain Ls 17 (<i>MAT1-2</i>);</p

Comparison of codons under positive (relaxed) and purifying selection in <i>MAT1-1-1</i>, in a variety of fungi in the subphylum <i>Pezizomycotina</i> using the MEC model.

1<p>SELECTON results for the putatively asexual fungus <i>V. dahliae</i> were calculated by analyzing a <i>MAT1-1-1</i> codon sequence alignment including sequences from all other fungi listed except <i>P. fulva</i>. Results for the ten species <i>A. fumigatus – S. sclerotiorum</i> were calculated using a codon alignment of only these ten species.</p>2<p>Homothallic fungus.</p>3<p>Results for the putatively asexual fungus <i>P. fulva</i> were calculated by analyzing a <i>MAT1-2-1</i> codon sequence alignment including sequences from all other fungi listed except <i>V. dahliae</i>.</p><p>Comparison of codons under positive (relaxed) and purifying selection in <i>MAT1-1-1</i>, in a variety of fungi in the subphylum <i>Pezizomycotina</i> using the MEC model.</p

Comparison of codons under positive (relaxed) and purifying selection in 18 sex-related genes in <i>Verticillium dahliae</i> using the MEC model.

1<p>Fungal taxa and gene accessions used to estimate selective pressures in <i>V. dahliae</i> genes are provided in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0112145#pone.0112145.s003" target="_blank">Table S2</a>. Color-coded SELECTON results for each gene are provided in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0112145#pone.0112145.s001" target="_blank">Figure S1</a>.</p><p>Comparison of codons under positive (relaxed) and purifying selection in 18 sex-related genes in <i>Verticillium dahliae</i> using the MEC model.</p

Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Novel Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Resistance to Multiple Leaf Spot Diseases of Spring Wheat

<div><p>Accelerated wheat development and deployment of high-yielding, climate resilient, and disease resistant cultivars can contribute to enhanced food security and sustainable intensification. To facilitate gene discovery, we assembled an association mapping panel of 528 spring wheat landraces of diverse geographic origin for a genome-wide association study (GWAS). All accessions were genotyped using an Illumina Infinium 9K wheat single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip and 4781 polymorphic SNPs were used for analysis. To identify loci underlying resistance to the major leaf spot diseases and to better understand the genomic patterns, we quantified population structure, allelic diversity, and linkage disequilibrium. Our results showed 32 loci were significantly associated with resistance to the major leaf spot diseases. Further analysis identified QTL effective against major leaf spot diseases of wheat which appeared to be novel and others that were previously identified by association analysis using Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) and bi-parental mapping. In addition, several identified SNPs co-localized with genes that have been implicated in plant disease resistance. Future work could aim to select the putative novel loci and pyramid them in locally adapted wheat cultivars to develop broad-spectrum resistance to multiple leaf spot diseases of wheat via marker-assisted selection (MAS).</p></div