Economic Load Dispatch using IYSGA

The Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) problem is a pivotal aspect of power system management, focusing on the efficient allocation of power generation among various units to meet the demand while minimizing costs. This research paper presents an Improved Yellow Saddle Goat Fish Algorithm (IYSGA) based method for resolving ELD issues. The key objective of proposed IYSGA method is to reduce error between demanded and generated load along with its unit cost. This objective is accomplished by using YSGA whose exploration ability is improved by exploring ability of Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA). By implementing IYSGA in given ELD problem, the convergence rate, exploring ability and solution quality is enhanced. The fitness function is determined by IYSGA in terms of error and cost reduction, which should be as minimum as possible. The simulations are performed on standardized IEEE bus system with 3-unit and 6-units to meet load demand of 850MW to 1263MW respectively. The experimental simulations conducted provide evidence that the proposed approach met the load demand with zero error. Furthermore, proposed method attained best cost of $8197.633 and$15,285.7055 for the 3-unit and 6-unit generation unit. These outcomes underscore the robustness and superiority of the proposed method in addressing the Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) problem, emphasizing its capacity to optimize power generation with unparalleled precision and cost-effectiveness.&nbsp

Colposcopy in postmenopausal women: a challenging procedure

Background: Introduction-carcinoma of cervix is the commonest cancer in Indian women. It constitutes 14%of the total population above age of 50 years. Atrophic changes in the genital tract causes problems in Pap smear as well as in the colposcopy.Methods: This is prospective observational study conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of SGRDIMSR, Sri Amritsar, which comprised 30 cases of postmenopausal women referred for colposcopy. Inclusion criteria were complaints of post-menopausal bleeding, abnormal vaginal discharge, post coital bleeding, an abnormal PAP smear, an unhealthy-looking cervix. Women with history of any surgery on the cervix in the past three months or with obvious cervical cancer were excluded.Results: Patient with age group of 44-70 years were included, and maximum number of patients had complaint of post-menopausal bleeding (50%). 9 (30%) patients were positive for malignancy on histopathology, while with 9 (30%) false positive patients on colposcopy. Problems encountered while performing colposcopy includes cervix flushed with vagina, atrophy of introitus, bleeding from the cervix and relaxed vaginal walls. Use of various corrective measures were helpful to overcome the problems of colposcopy.Conclusions: It is an essential part of cervical screening programme, but it has some limitations and pitfalls which can lead to error in the diagnosis

A Class-C amplifier linearized by a constant conduction angle biasing circuit

This work presents a dynamic biasing topology capable of linearizing a Class-C power amplifier (PA). The topology utilizes a control loop that senses the operating conditions of the power device by means of a scaled replica. The loop operates on the principle of keeping the conduction angle constant and thereby ensuring linearity. The work details some of the design considerations that should prove useful to a designer wanting to implement the topology in an RF integrated circuit. Measurement results from a fully-functional low-frequency prototype bring merit to the topology

Constant Conduction Angle Biasing for Class C Monolithic RF Power Amplifiers

In modern wireless communication systems, a base station typically serves a few hundred users within its cell coverage. To combat the near-far problem – the situation where a nearby user’s strong cellular signal masks the cellular signal of a faraway user – base stations continually enforce power control. That is, nearby users must lower their transmit power. In CDMA technology, power control can be as large as 70-80dB. At low power outputs, this greatly impacts the performance of the RF power amplifier (PA) in the cellular device. For small RF drives, the magnitude of the output RF current approaches the magnitude of the DC current and thus the efficiency suffers. Operating the RF PA in class C operation improves the efficiency, but results in poor linearity. Several methods of so-called dynamic biasing have been proposed. These strategies entail lowering the bias of the PA as the RF drive increases. The proposed methods, however, fail to explain how to achieve linearity and low third-order intermodulation distortion. Additionally, the methods utilize open-loop implementations. This work presents a novel dynamic biasing topology that results in a much improved linear class C PA. The topology utilizes a closed loop that cleverly senses the operating conditions of the power device. Particularly, the loop operates on the principle of keeping the conduction angle remarkably constant and thereby ensuring linearity. The work details a thorough design methodology that should provide assistance to a designer wanting to implement the topology in an RF integrated circuit. Agilent ADS simulations and laboratory results from a functional PCB prototype bring merit to the topology

Utility of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation for Weed and Disease Management in Solanaceous Vegetable Crops

Managing weeds is one of the most challenging aspects of growing specialty crops. Weed control options are limited for specialty crops due to absence of effective herbicide options. The limited current herbicide options risk carryover and damage to subsequent crops. Bacterial wilt is another problem causing significant yield losses in southeast vegetable production. After the termination of methyl bromide due to health and environmental concerns, several other chemical fumigants gained interest, including 1,3-dichloropropene, chloropicrin and metam sodium/potassium. While less toxic to the environment than methyl bromide, these fumigants pose carcinogenic and mutagenic threats. Alternative weed control and diseases management tactics are needed. Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) has the potential to fit into current pest management. ASD is a fumigation alternative, carbon source-driven soil microbial process that creates antagonistic conditions, such as microbial community shifts, production of volatile organic compounds, reduced soil pH and higher anaerobic conditions that can inactivate certain weed seeds and soil borne pathogens. Two experiments were conducted jointly at Clemson University Coastal Research and Education Center and USDA ARS vegetable laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina to utilize ASD for controlling weeds and bacterial wilt in tomato. The objective of first study was to evaluate the potential of various mix carbon amendments in ASD procedure to control weeds and Ralstonia solanacearum in native South Carolina soil in organic settings. The second study was carried out to test best ASD treatment from first study along with herbicide applications for Cyperus esculentus L. CYPES control. The results suggested that ASD incorporated with mixed treatments can effectively maximize weed and bacterial wilt management in tomato production. Additional research is needed to further evaluate these treatments via field trials with high existing pest pressure at multiple sites within multiple soil types

An Investigation into Ultrasonic Communication for Near-Body Networks

The following report presents a study of body-area, free-space ultrasonic communication system. Two analog communication systems are investigated. The initial communications system setup relies upon the amplitude modulation (AM) techniques to transmit the signal. Such a system is prone to noise since the amplitude of the signal is directly affected by distance and the signal strength will deteriorate. The secondary communication system involves utilizing frequency modulation (FM). This method avoids the issue of losing information due to amplitude deterioration, but encounters delay issues. The main hardware components used in the approach outlined include ultrasonic transducers (UTs) used for both transmitting (Tx) and receiving (Rx), modulation and demodulation stages, several filters, an audio microphone and amplifier, and a speaker. The range of interest is 1-2 meters compared to radio frequency (RF) communication ranges of kilometers. For medical use, this range need not exceed a human’s body length

A simple model for estimation of snow/ice surface temperature of Antarctic ice sheet using remotely sensed thermal band data

In this paper a model has been developed to estimate surface temperature of Antarctic ice sheet using thermal bands of MODIS sensor images and in situ surface temperature measurements. The brightness temperature of snow/ice surface of Antarctica has been estimated for MODIS bands 31 and 32 using Planck’s spectral radiation equation. Split window technique has been used to develop the model from brightness temperature and automatic weather station recorded surface temperature. The model has been validated using in situ measurements of surface temperature of the ice sheet near Indian Antarctic Research Station ‘Maitri’. High coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.99) and low root mean square error (0.8°C) have been obtained between modeled and in situ recorded surface temperature. The model is easy to use and can generate the surface temperature maps at spatial resolution of 1.0 km. These maps can be useful in various glaciological, hydrological, climatological and ecological study of the ice sheet