Multispectral reflectance imaging of brain activation in rodents: methodological study of the differential path length estimations and first in vivo recordings in the rat olfactory bulb

International audienceDynamic maps of relative changes in blood volume and oxygenation following brain activation are obtained using multispectral reflectance imaging. The technique relies on optical absorption modifications linked to hemodynamic changes. The relative variation of hemodynamic parameters can be quantified using the modified Beer-Lambert Law if changes in reflected light intensities are recorded at two wavelengths or more and the differential path length (DP) is known. The DP is the mean path length in tissues of backscattered photons and varies with wavelength. It is usually estimated using Monte Carlo simulations in simplified semi-infinite homogeneous geometries. Here we consider the use of multilayered models of the somatosensory cortex (SsC) and olfactory bulb (OB), which are common physiological models of brain activation. Simulations demonstrate that specific DP estimation is required for SsC and OB, specifically for wavelengths above 600 nm. They validate the hypothesis of a constant path length during activation and show the need for specific DP if imaging is performed in a thinned-skull preparation. The first multispectral reflectance imaging data recorded in vivo during OB activation are presented, and the influence of DP on the hemodynamic parameters and the pattern of oxymetric changes in the activated OB are discusse

The local GLP-1 system in the olfactory bulb is required for odor-evoked cephalic phase of insulin release in mice

Objective: The olfactory bulb (OB) codes for sensory information and contributes to the control of energy metabolism by regulating foraging and cephalic phase responses. Mitral cells are the main output neurons of the OB. The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)/GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) system in the OB (GLP-1ᴼᴮ) has been shown to be a major regulator of mitral cell activity but its function in vivo is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the role of GLP-1ᴼᴮ in foraging behavior and odor-evoked Cephalic Phase Insulin Release (CPIR)./ Methods and results: By fluorescent labeling, we confirmed the presence of GLP-1 producing neurons and the expression of GLP-1R in the mouse OB. In response to food odor presentation, we collected blood, quantified plasma insulin by ELISA and showed the existence of an odor-evoked CPIR in lean mice but its absence in obese animals. Expression of shRNA against preproglucagon mRNA in the OB resulted in blunted CPIR in lean mice. Injecting Exendin (9-39), a GLP-1R antagonist, into the OB of lean mice also resulted in decreased CPIR. Since parasympathetic cholinergic input to the pancreas is known to be partly responsible for CPIR, we systemically administered the muscarinic M3 receptor antagonist 4-DAMP which resulted in a reduced odor-evoked CPIR. Finally, local injection of Exendin (9-39) in the OB extinguished olfactory foraging in lean mice whereas the injection of the GLP-1R agonist Exendin-4 rescued the loss of foraging behavior in obese mice./ Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that GLP-1ᴼᴮ controls olfactory foraging and is required for odor-evoked CPIR. We describe a new crucial brain function for GLP-1 and GLP-1R expressed within the brain

Odor-Induced Neuronal Rhythms in the Olfactory Bulb Are Profoundly Modified in ob/ob Obese Mice

Leptin, the product of the Ob(Lep) gene, is a peptide hormone that plays a major role in maintaining the balance between food intake and energy expenditure. In the brain, leptin receptors are expressed by hypothalamic cells but also in the olfactory bulb, the first central structure coding for odors, suggesting a precise function of this hormone in odor-evoked activities. Although olfaction plays a key role in feeding behavior, the ability of the olfactory bulb to integrate the energy-related signal leptin is still missing. Therefore, we studied the fate of odor-induced activity in the olfactory bulb in the genetic context of leptin deficiency using the obese ob/ob mice. By means of an odor discrimination task with concomitant local field potential recordings, we showed that ob/ob mice perform better than wild-type (WT) mice in the early stage of the task. This behavioral gain of function was associated in parallel with profound changes in neuronal oscillations in the olfactory bulb. The distribution of the peaks in the gamma frequency range was shifted toward higher frequencies in ob/ob mice compared to WT mice before learning. More notably, beta oscillatory activity, which has been shown previously to be correlated with olfactory discrimination learning, was longer and stronger in expert ob/ob mice after learning. Since oscillations in the olfactory bulb emerge from mitral to granule cell interactions, our results suggest that cellular dynamics in the olfactory bulb are deeply modified in ob/ob mice in the context of olfactory learning

A neuronal circuit driven by GLP-1 in the olfactory bulb regulates insulin secretion

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) stimulates insulin secretion and holds significant pharmacological potential. Nevertheless, the regulation of energy homeostasis by centrally-produced GLP-1 remains partially understood. Preproglucagon cells, known to release GLP-1, are found in the olfactory bulb (OB). We show that activating GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) in the OB stimulates insulin secretion in response to oral glucose in lean and diet-induced obese male mice. This is associated with reduced noradrenaline content in the pancreas and blocked by an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist, implicating functional involvement of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Inhibiting GABAA receptors in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), the control centre of the SNS, abolishes the enhancing effect on insulin secretion induced by OB GLP-1R. Therefore, OB GLP-1-dependent regulation of insulin secretion relies on a relay within the PVN. This study provides evidence that OB GLP-1 signalling engages a top-down neural mechanism to control insulin secretion via the SNS

The endocannabinoid system controls food intake via olfactory processes

Comment in Sensory systems: the hungry sense. [Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014] Inhaling: endocannabinoids and food intake. [Nat Neurosci. 2014]; International audience; Hunger arouses sensory perception, eventually leading to an increase in food intake, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We found that cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptors promote food intake in fasted mice by increasing odor detection. CB1 receptors were abundantly expressed on axon terminals of centrifugal cortical glutamatergic neurons that project to inhibitory granule cells of the main olfactory bulb (MOB). Local pharmacological and genetic manipulations revealed that endocannabinoids and exogenous cannabinoids increased odor detection and food intake in fasted mice by decreasing excitatory drive from olfactory cortex areas to the MOB. Consistently, cannabinoid agonists dampened in vivo optogenetically stimulated excitatory transmission in the same circuit. Our data indicate that cortical feedback projections to the MOB crucially regulate food intake via CB1 receptor signaling, linking the feeling of hunger to stronger odor processing. Thus, CB1 receptor-dependent control of cortical feedback projections in olfactory circuits couples internal states to perception and behavior

CONTROLE DOPAMINERGIQUE DE LA PLASTICITE SYNAPTIQUE HIPPOCAMPE-CORTEX PREFRONTAL CHEZ LE RAT (CARACTERISATION PHARMACOLOGIQUE)

ORSAY-PARIS 11-BU Sciences (914712101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Modulation par le jeûne de la représentation spatiotemporelle d'une odeur de nourriture et d'une odeur nouvelle dans le bulbe olfactif du rat

L olfaction est importante pour de nombreuses fonctions vitales comme la reproduction, les interactions sociales, la détection des aliments et le comportement alimentaire. Toutefois, l'impact nutritionnel sur le système olfactif n'a pas été précisément décrit. Dans ce contexte, le sujet de cette thèse consistait en l étude des effets du jeûne sur la représentation spatiotemporelle des odeurs dans le bulbe olfactif principal (BO), une structure assurant la première étape du codage de l'information olfactive dans le cerveau.Dans le BO, les caractéristiques des molécules odorantes sont représentées sous forme d activitéspatiale et temporelle respectivement dans la couche glomérulaire et celles des cellules mitrales et granulaires. Pour étudier le codage spatial au niveau glomérulaire, nous avons utilisé l imagerie optique du signal intrinsèque qui permet de cartographier l activité évoquée sur la surface du BO en réponse à des odeurs. Pour étudier le codage temporel des odeurs, nous avons enregistré les variations spécifiques de l'activité oscillatoire du potentiel de champ local (LFP) dans les couches profondes.Nous avons testé les réponses aux odeurs chez des rats mis à jeun pendant 17 heures par rapport aux rats nourris ad libitum. Nous avons utilisé deux stimuli olfactifs à des concentrations différentes: la première (odeur commerciale d arôme d'amande) est associée à la nourriture car elle est préalablement incorporée dans une pâte sucrée présentée aux rats quotidiennement ; le second (hexanal), est une molécule odorante pure, nouvelle et neutre pour eux. L'utilisation de ces odeurs dans une gamme de concentrations faibles nous a permis d étudier les modifications de seuil d activation du BO. Nous avons analysé les deux types de représentation spatiale et temporelle chez des rats anesthésiés, à jeun versus nourris. Nous avons observé que les cartes spatiales et les changements des profils oscillatoires évoqués dans le BO sont présents pour les deux types de stimuli à de faibles concentrations chez tous les rats à jeun mais pas chez tous les animaux nourris. Par contre, pour les fortes concentrations d'odeurs, nous avons observé plus de réponses chez les animaux nourris. Nous avons conclu que le jeûne affecte profondément le seuil d activation spatiotemporelle du BO.Nous avons alors cherché à identifier les candidats moléculaires qui pourraient déclencher cetteplasticité olfactive à jeun. Nous avons analysé dans le BO la variation de l'expression des récepteurs à deux hormones satiétogènes, la leptine et l'insuline, mais n'avons pas trouvé de changement significatif entre les deux groupes de rats. En outre, l'injection intrapéritonéale de leptine n'a pas inversé le profil oscillatoire induit chez des rats à jeun. Nous avons conclu que la leptine n'agit pas à elle seule dans la signalisation de l'état nutritionnel qui induit la plasticité bulbaire. Nous avons également cherché des modifications spécifiques des circuits du BO pendant le jeûne et avons obtenu des données préliminaires intéressantes sur la plasticité astrocytaire. Enfin, nous avons mené un nouveau projet sur le rôle des endocannabinoïdes dans la prise alimentaire. Le THC est un agoniste des récepteurs CB1 aux endocannabinoïdes qui induit une hyperphagie. Les CB1 étant présents dans le BO, nous avons testé ses effets sur l'activité oscillatoire chez des souris à jeun. Nous avons trouvé que le THC inhibe la désensibilisation olfactive qui est déclenchée chez les souris contrôle par la présentation d'odeurs répétées.Olfactory cues are important for many vital functions as reproduction, social interactions, fooddetection and feeding behavior. However, the nutritional impact on the olfactory system has not been precisely described. Here we studied the effects of fasting on the spatiotemporal activities in the main olfactory bulb (OB), a structure supporting the first step of odor coding in the brain.Odorant signals undergo a complex processing that starts in the Main Olfactory Epithelium where the olfactory sensitive neurons (OSN) are located. OSN project into the OB where odorant features (among them identity and concentration) evoke spatiotemporal patterns of activities located respectively at the glomerular and mitral/granule cells levels. The spatial coding at the glomerular level is classically studied by optical imaging of odor-evoked activities on the surface of the MOB in response to different odors at different concentrations. The temporal coding is characterized by specific variations in the oscillatory activity of the Local Field Potential (LFP) in deeper layers.We tested odor responses in the OB in 17 hours-fasted rats compared to ad libitum-fed rats. We used two olfactory stimuli at different concentrations: the first one (almond aroma odor) is associated to food since it is incorporated into a homemade cake that rats love to eat; the second is the pure odorant hexanal which is new and neutral for them. Using these odorants at low concentrations to probe threshold modifications, we analyzed both types of OB coding (spatial and temporal) at the levels where they occur (glomerular layer and mitral/granule cell layers respectively) in anesthetized rats.Using intrinsic optical signals imaging and local field potential recording, we observed that odor maps and changes in oscillatory patterns of activity in the OB are present for both types of stimuli at low concentrations in all fasted rats but not in all fed animals. For higher odor concentrations, further fed animals responded. We conclude that fasting deeply impacts the overall odor threshold detection in the OB.Then, we sought to identify putative molecular candidates that could trigger this olfactory plasticity in fasted conditions. We have checked the variation of receptor expression for leptin and insulin, two anorexigen hormones, in the OB but did not find any significant changes between the two groups. In addition, i.p. injection of leptin did not reverse the oscillatory profile induced in fasted rats. We concluded that leptin does not act solely in signalling the nutritional state that induces the OB plasticity. We are still looking for specific modifications of OB circuits during fasting and we present interesting preliminary data about astrocytic plasticity in this manuscript. Finally, we have also run a new and exciting project dealing with the role of endocannabinoids in food intake: since THC, a potent agonist of endocannabinoids CB1 receptors which are expressed in the OB, selectively increases food intake when injected at low doses, we tested its effects on the OB oscillatory activity in fasted mice. We found that THC inhibits olfactory desensitization that is triggered in control mice by repeated odor presentation.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. électronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Wide-field speckle imaging and two-photon microscopy for the investigation of cerebral blood flow in vivo in mice models of obesity

International audienceVascular activity is necessary to provide suitable energy supply for cellular activity in the brain. Obesity, has become an important health and social issue worldwide. Yet, very little is known regarding morphological and functional vascular changes in the brain in obese patients. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the influence of this pathology on blood flow, vasodilation and vasoconstriction at rest and during sensory stimulation, in normal and obese mice. In order to obtain dynamic and quantitative maps of vascular activity over wide field of cortical tissues in anesthetized mice brain, we have developed a multi-exposure speckle imaging (MESI) system. MESI relies on the sequential recording of speckle images of the brain tissues illuminated with coherent light for increasing durations. For each of these multi exposure images the local speckle contrast is derived. This contrast is assumed to be related to the velocity of scatterers (red blood cells). The acquisition of speckle contrast for different expositions time allows discriminating the contribution of static and moving scatterers to the speckle pattern. Therefore, it allows mapping the blood flow changes over large cortical areas. Blood flow response to sensory activation was studied by imaging the olfactory bulb during olfactory stimulation trials. Data obtained in wild -type and high fat diet obesity model mice are presented showing a different hemodynamic response to olfactory stimulation

Optical properties of mice skull bone in the 455- to 705-nm range

International audienceSoleimanzad Haleh, Gurden Hirac, Pain Frédéric, "Optical properties of mice skull bone in the 455-to 705-nm range," J. Abstract. Rodent brain is studied to understand the basics of brain function. The activity of cell populations and networks is commonly recorded in vivo with wide-field optical imaging techniques such as intrinsic optical imaging, fluo-rescence imaging, or laser speckle imaging. These techniques were recently adapted to unrestrained mice carrying transcranial windows. Furthermore, optogenetics studies would benefit from optical stimulation through the skull without implanting an optical fiber, especially for longitudinal studies. In this context, the knowledge of bone optical properties is requested to improve the quan-titation of the depth and volume of imaged or stimulated tissues. Here, we provide experimental measurements of absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of freshly excised mice skull for wavelengths between 455 and 705 nm. Absorption coefficients from 6 to 8 months mice skull samples range between 1.67 AE 0.28 mm −1 at 455 nm and 0.47 AE 0.07 mm −1 at 705 nm, whereas reduced scattering coefficients were in the range of 2.79 AE 0.26 mm −1 at 455 nm up to 2.29 AE 0.12 mm −1 at 705 nm. In comparison, measurements carried out on 4 to 5 weeks mice showed similar spectral profiles but smaller absorption and reduced scattering coefficients by a factor of about 2 and 1.5, respectively. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication , including its DOI

Olfaction in the context of Obesity and Diabetes: insights from animal models to humans

International audienceThe olfactory system is at the crossroad between sensory processing and metabolic sensing. In addition to being the center of detection and identification of food odors, it is a sensor for most of the hormones and nutrients responsible for feeding behavior regulation. The consequences of modifications in body homeostasis, nutrient overload and alteration of this brain network in the pathological condition of food-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes are still not elucidated. The aim of this review was first to use both humans and animal studies to report on the current knowledge of the consequences of obesity and type 2 diabetes on odorant threshold and olfactory perception including identification discrimination and memory. We then discuss how olfactory processing can be modified by an alteration of the metabolic homeostasis of the organism and available elements on pharmacological treatments that regulate olfaction. We focus on data within the olfactory system but also on the interactions between the olfactory system and other brain networks impacted by metabolic diseases