On decoding of multi-level MPSK modulation codes

The decoding problem of multi-level block modulation codes is investigated. The hardware design of soft-decision Viterbi decoder for some short length 8-PSK block modulation codes is presented. An effective way to reduce the hardware complexity of the decoder by reducing the branch metric and path metric, using a non-uniform floating-point to integer mapping scheme, is proposed and discussed. The simulation results of the design are presented. The multi-stage decoding (MSD) of multi-level modulation codes is also investigated. The cases of soft-decision and hard-decision MSD are considered and their performance are evaluated for several codes of different lengths and different minimum squared Euclidean distances. It is shown that the soft-decision MSD reduces the decoding complexity drastically and it is suboptimum. The hard-decision MSD further simplifies the decoding while still maintaining a reasonable coding gain over the uncoded system, if the component codes are chosen properly. Finally, some basic 3-level 8-PSK modulation codes using BCH codes as component codes are constructed and their coding gains are found for hard decision multistage decoding

Evaluation of Syncope: An Overview

Syncope is defined as a sudden temporary loss of consciousness associated with a loss of postural tone, with spontaneous recovery that does not require electrical or chemical cardioversion. Syncope is a common symptom, accounting for 1% to 6% of hospital admission and up to 3% of emergency room visits. Loss of consciousness is also common in healthy young adults, although most do not seek medical attention. Syncope is a frequent symptom in the elderly. The evaluation and management of syncope has dramatically changed over the past 15 years. In the early 1980s, several studies showed that the cause of syncope was often not established, and subgroups were identified with high mortality and sudden death rates.1,2 ,3, 4 Later a large number of studies on electrophysiology testing appeared, which led to a better understanding of the roles and limitations of tests in syncope.5,6,7,8 Although tilt table testing started in 1980s, it assumed an important role in the evaluation of syncope in 1990s, showing that neurally mediated mechanism is a common etiology of unexplained syncope.9,10,11,12 The purpose of this article is to highlight the clinical approach and management of syncope

A Study on the Challenges Regarding Conservation of Water Resources in Rajasthan

Water can not be produced but conserving water is equivalent to production of water. Rajasthan has worked on two side water conservation theories. (i) Supply side (ii) Demand side water Supply Side Water Conservation Activities;- Harvesting the available surplus rainfall runoff by Efficient use of existing resources ,Water Harvesting, Artificial Ground water recharging,Increase in use of treated water,Demand Side Water Conservation Activities;- Various interventions taken for demand side water conservations are as under Diversification in cropping pattern,Micro irrigation system,IEC activities to use water optimally

Histomorphological spectrum of meningeal tumours and its association with MIB-1 labelling index

Background: Meningiomas are extremely common, slow growing tumours originating from meningeal covering of brain and spinal cord. They are mostly encountered in middle or later adult life. Females are affected more commonly than males. Grading of meningiomas based on histological features has certain limitations in predicting exact biological behavior hence ancillary studies like immunohistochemistry can be used to predict the nature of the lesion. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in pathology department in our institute. Total 105 cases, diagnosed as meningioma between October 2019 to May 2021 were included in the study. Immuno-staining was performed using MIB-1 antibody against ki67 antigen. Various statistical test methods like chi square test, unpaired t test and spearman’s rho correlation were used to evaluate the significant value. Results: Among 105 patients analysed there were 78.09% females (mean LI 4.01±3.25%) and 21.91% males (mean LI 3.17±2.64%). Mean age of presentation was 53.14 years and most common subtype was transitional meningioma with 51.43% cases. Histological grading revealed 95.24% WHO grade 1 tumor (mean LI- 3.33±2.22%), 4.76% WHO grade 2 (mean LI- 13.80±2.28%) and no case of WHO grade 3. There was correlation between values of MIB-1 LI and histological grade. Some differences for MIB-1 labelling index were found among the subtypes of meningioma of same grade. Conclusions: The MIB-1 is one important tool in addition to routine histological evaluation. High MIB-1 LI indicates higher grade of meningioma

Assessment of drug prescribing pattern using WHO indicators in hospitalized patients at a tertiary care teaching hospital in rural area of India

Background: To promote rational drug use in patients of rural areas, it is important to assess drug use pattern using the WHO prescription indicators. The aim of this study was to assess the drug prescription patterns in patients admitted in Medicine department of UPRIMS&R.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from Jan 2015 to June 2015. Data were collected & analysed according to WHO prescribing indicators and presented by using descriptive statistics.Results: 626 prescriptions were selected in which 3205 drugs were prescribed. The most common drug groups prescribed were antibiotics 24.64% followed by anti-diabetic drugs 12.38%, analgesics 12.23% and drugs for cardiovascular diseases 11.82%, GIT drugs 9.01%. Average number of drugs per prescription was 5.11. Drugs prescribed from essential drugs list (India) was 76.06%. Drugs prescribed from essential drugs list (WHO) was 23.04%. Total number of prescriptions with antibiotics was 24.27%. Total number of prescriptions with injections was 24.05%. Percentage of fixed dose combinations was 28.7%. Drugs prescribed by generic name were 89.88%.Conclusions: The prescribing pattern of antibiotics was according to WHO recommendations while the average number of drugs per prescription was found high. There were small differences in the values of drugs prescribed by generic names, injectable and drugs from NLEM from the recommended values

Global compactness result and multiplicity of solutions for a class of critical exponent problem in the hyperbolic space

This paper deals with the global compactness and multiplicity of positive solutions to problems of the type $$-\Delta_{\mathbb B^N} u -\lambda u=a(x) |u|^{2^*-2}u+f(x) \quad\text{in } \mathbb B^N, \quad u\in H^1(\mathbb B^N),$$ where $\mathbb B^N$ denotes the ball model of the hyperbolic space of dimension $N\geq 4$, $2^*=\frac{2N}{N-2}$, $\frac{N(N-2)}{4}<\lambda<\frac{(N-1)^2}{4}$ and $f\in H^{-1}(\mathbb B^N)$ ($f\not\equiv 0$) is a non-negative functional in the dual space of $H^1(\mathbb B^N)$. The potential $a\in L^\infty(\mathbb B^N)$ is assumed to be strictly positive, such that $\lim_{ d(x,0)\to \infty}a(x)=1$, where $d(x,0)$ denotes the geodesic distance. We establish profile decomposition of the associated functional. We show that concentration takes place along two different profiles, namely along hyperbolic bubbles and localized Aubin-Talenti bubbles. For $f=0$ and $a\equiv 1$, profile decomposition was studied by Bhakta and Sandeep [Calc. Var. PDE, 2012]. However, due to the presence of $a(.)$, an extension of profile decomposition to the present set-up is highly nontrivial and requires several delicate estimates and geometric arguments concerning the isometry group (M\"obius group) of the hyperbolic space. Further, using the decomposition result, we derive various energy estimates involving the interacting hyperbolic bubbles and hyperbolic bubbles with localized Aubin-Talenti bubbles. Finally, combining these estimates with topological and variational arguments, we establish a multiplicity of positive solutions in the cases: $a\geq 1$ and $a<1$ separately. The equation studied in this article can be thought of as a variant of a scalar-field equation with a critical exponent in the hyperbolic space, although such a critical exponent problem in the Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^N$ has only a trivial solution when $f \equiv 0,$ $a(x)\equiv1$ and $\lambda < 0.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE RELEASE KINETICS OF DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLORIDE FROM TABLETED MICROSPHERES

Formulation F5, F6, F7 and F8 were selected to make the tablets because of their high percentage release (more than 90%). 500 mg weight of tablets containing 120 mg strength of Diltiazem hydrochloride were prepared from formulations F5, F6, F7 and F8.  release of Diltiazem hydrochloride at different interval of time: 1 hr, 4 hrs, 8 hrs and 12 hrs for different formulations, it can be concluded that more than 90% of Diltiazem hydrochloride was released from formulations F1, F3, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, F11 at 12 hours. After compaction into the tableted form, the dissolution or release of the drug will reduce.  Hence, these formulations may be compressed into the tablet forms so that the release should be around or more than 80%. Some analytical definitions of the Q(t) function are commonly used, such as zero order, first order, Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, Hixson-Crowell models, Weibull model, Baker – Lonsdale model, Hopfenberg model, etc. These models are used to characterize drug dissolution/release profiles. Keywords: Optimization, Microsphere, Diltiazem hydrochloride, Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, Hixson-Crowell models

Moving nitrogen to the centre of plant defence against pathogens

Background Plants require nitrogen (N) for growth, development and defence against abiotic and biotic stresses. The extensive use of artificial N fertilizers has played an important role in the Green Revolution. N assimilation can involve a reductase series ([Formula: see text] → [Formula: see text] → [Formula: see text]) followed by transamination to form amino acids. Given its widespread use, the agricultural impact of N nutrition on disease development has been extensively examined. Scope When a pathogen first comes into contact with a host, it is usually nutrient starved such that rapid assimilation of host nutrients is essential for successful pathogenesis. Equally, the host may reallocate its nutrients to defence responses or away from the site of attempted infection. Exogenous application of N fertilizer can, therefore, shift the balance in favour of the host or pathogen. In line with this, increasing N has been reported either to increase or to decrease plant resistance to pathogens, which reflects differences in the infection strategies of discrete pathogens. Beyond considering only N content, the use of [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] fertilizers affects the outcome of plant–pathogen interactions. [Formula: see text] feeding augments hypersensitive response- (HR) mediated resistance, while ammonium nutrition can compromise defence. Metabolically, [Formula: see text] enhances production of polyamines such as spermine and spermidine, which are established defence signals, with [Formula: see text] nutrition leading to increased γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels which may be a nutrient source for the pathogen. Within the defensive N economy, the roles of nitric oxide must also be considered. This is mostly generated from [Formula: see text] by nitrate reductase and is elicited by both pathogen-associated microbial patterns and gene-for-gene-mediated defences. Nitric oxide (NO) production and associated defences are therefore [Formula: see text] dependent and are compromised by [Formula: see text]. Conclusion This review demonstrates how N content and form plays an essential role in defensive primary and secondary metabolism and NO-mediated events

The detection of possible transient Quasi-Periodic Oscillations in the γ\gamma-ray light curve of PKS 0244-470 and 4C+38.41

The continuous monitoring capability of Fermi-LAT has enabled the exploration of Quasi-Periodic Oscillations (QPOs) in the $\gamma$-ray light curve of blazar that has given a new perspective to probe these source and jet physics over a wide range of time scales. We report the presence of transient QPOs in the long-term $\gamma$-ray light curve of blazars PKS 0244-470 \& 4C +38.41. We first identified different flux states using the Bayesian Block algorithm and then explored the possible transient QPOs in the segments of each flux phase where the flux level changes over fairly regular intervals. Combining this with source intrinsic variance, we identified two flux phases for PKS 0244-470: one activity (AP-1) and one quiescent phase (QP-1). For 4C+38.41, we similarly identified four activity (AP-1, AP-2, AP-3, and AP-4) and two quiescent (QP-1 and QP-2) phases. AP-1 phase of PKS 0244-470 shows QPO of $\sim$ 225 days persisting for 8 cycles ($\sim$ 4.1 $\sigma$). In 4C+38.41, AP-1 and AP-2 phases show QPO of $\sim$ 110 days and $\sim$ 60 days, respectively, persisting for 5 cycles. In AP-3, we identified three sub-phases, and all show a $\sim$ week scale recurrent rise with five complete cycles, while in QP-1, we could identify 2 sub-phases (Q1 and Q2). Q1 phase shows a significant period of $\sim$ 104 days with six complete cycles. Q2 phase also shows significant QPO but with only $\sim$ 3.7 cycles. All the detections are locally significant with at least four or more cycles. We discuss the possible origin and argue that the current driven kink instability and curved jet model seem the most likely cause for shorter and longer QPOs though the latter requires continuous acceleration or injection of particles to explain these