Phytophthora Root Rot Resistance in Soybean E00003

Phytophthora root rot (PRR) is a devastating disease in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production. Michigan elite soybean E00003 is resistant to Phytophthora sojae and has been used as a resistance source in breeding. Genetic control of PRR resistance in this source is unknown. To facilitate marker-assisted selection (MAS), the PRR resistance loci in E00003 and their map locations need to be determined. In this study, a genetic mapping approach was used to identify major PRR -resistant loci in E00003. The mapping population consists of 240 F4–derived lines developed by crossing E00003 with the P. sojae susceptible line PI 567543C. In 2009 and 2010, the mapping population was evaluated in the greenhouse for PRR resistance against P. sojae races 1, 4, and 7, using modified rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain inoculation method. The population was genotyped with seven simple sequence repeat (SSR) and three single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers derived from bulk segregant analysis. The heritability of resistance in the population ranged from 83 to 94%. A major locus, contributing 50 to 76% of the phenotypic variation, was mapped within a 3 cM interval in the Rps1 region. The interval was further saturated with more BARCSOY SSRs and SNPs with TaqMan assays. Two SSRs and three SNPs within the Rps1k gene were highly associated with PRR resistance in the mapping population. The major resistance gene in E00003 is either allelic or tightly linked to Rps1k.The molecular markers located in the Rps1k gene can be used to improve MAS for PRR resistance

Intrinsically Stretchable Three Primary Light-Emitting Films Enabled By Elastomer Blend For Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes

Intrinsically stretchable light-emitting materials are crucial for skin-like wearable displays; however, their color range has been limited to green-like yellow lights owing to the restricted stretchable light-emitting materials (super yellow series materials). To develop skin-like full-color displays, three intrinsically stretchable primary light-emitting materials [red, green, and blue (RGB)] are essential. In this study, we report three highly stretchable primary light-emitting films made from a polymer blend of conventional RGB light-emitting polymers and a nonpolar elastomer. The blend films consist of multidimensional nanodomains of light-emitting polymers that are interconnected in an elastomer matrix for efficient light-emitting under strain. The RGB blend films exhibited over 1000 cd/m2 luminance with low turn-on voltage (Von) and the selectively stretched blend films on rigid substrate maintained stable light-emitting performance up to 100% strain even after 1000 multiple stretching cycles

Effect of Solvent Quality and Sidechain Architecture On the Conjugated Polymer Chain Conformation In Solution

Conjugated polymers (CPs) are solution-processible for various electronic applications, where solution aggregation and dynamics could impact the morphology in the solid state. Various solvents and solvent mixtures have been used to dissolve and process CPs, but few studies quantify the effect of solvent quality on the solution behaviors of CPs. Here, we performed static light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, combined with molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, to investigate CPs solution behaviors with various solvent quality, including poly(3‐alkylthiophene) (P3ATs) with various sidechain lengths from -C4H9 to -C12H25, poly[bis(3-dodecyl-2-thienyl)-2,2\u27-dithiophene-5,5\u27-diyl] (PQT-12) and poly[2,5-bis(3-dodecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene] (PBTTT-12). We found that chlorobenzene is a better solvent than toluene for various CPs. It is evident from the majority positive second virial coefficient A2 ranging from 0.3 to 4.7 ×10-3 cm3*mol/g2 towards P3ATs. For P3ATs in non-polar solvents, longer sidechains promote more positive A2 and thus signaling a better polymer-solvent interaction, where in toluene A2 increases from -5.9 to 1.4 ×10-3 cm3*mol/g2 and in CB A2 ranges from 1.0 to 4.7 ×10-3 cm3*mol/g2 when sidechain length increases from -C6H13 to -C12H25. Moreover, PQT-12 and PBTTT-12 have strong aggregation tendencies in all the solutions, with an apparent positive A2 (~0.5 ×10-3 cm3*mol/g2) due to multi-chain aggregates and peculiar chain folding. These solvent-dependent aggregation behaviors can be well correlated to spectroscopy measurement results. Our coarse-grained MD simulation results further suggested that CPs with longer, dense, and branched sidechain can achieve enhance polymer-solvent interaction, and thus enable overall better solution dispersion. Our work here provides quantitative insights into the solution behavior of conjugated polymers that can guide both the design and process of CPs toward next-generation organic electronics

Side Chain Effects on the Conductivity of Phenothiazine-Derived Polyaniline

Side chain alkyl groups have become the standard for incorporating solubilizing groups into conjugated polymers. However, the variety of alkyl groups available and their location on the polymer’s backbone can contribute to the packing of the polymer chains in many different ways, resulting in many different morphologies in the polymer that can affect its properties and performances. In this paper, we investigate the effects on the conductivity of nine phenothiazine-containing polyaniline derivatives (P1–P9) with alkyl or aryl side chains on the phenothiazine core while also varying the number of methyl groups on the p-phenylenediamine unit. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) were all used to study the polymers’ structures, physical and thermal properties, and morphologies. The t-butylphenyl substituent on the phenothiazine core seems to provide more rigidity in the polymer’s backbone resulting in higher Tg for series 3, while series 2 containing the 2-hexyldecyl-substituted polymers had the lowest Tg, which is attributed to the large volume of the side chain, that limits interchain interactions. Consequently, series 2 had the lowest conductivity. However, the strongest effect on the conductivity was seen from the tetramethyl groups on the PPDA unit, which resulted in the lowest conductivity in each series due to torsional strain (twisting) in the polymer’s backbone. The WAXS data suggest mostly amorphous films; thus, the conductivity in these materials seems to be dominated by a multiscale charge transport phenomenon that occurs in amorphous conjugated materials. Our results will aid in the understanding of side chain engineering of PANI derivatives for their optimum performances

Formation of new chalcohalide glasses in GeSe2-Ga2Se3-KI system

International audienceA new chalcohalide glass system containing higher content of alkali metal ions was developed.Glass samples in the GeSe2-Ga2Se3-KI system were synthesized.The glass-forming region of this system was searched and explained from the theory of lone-pair electrons.The effects of Ga2Se3 and KI on the glass forming ability were discussed.Some properties such as density,char-acteristic temperature,Raman and infrared-visible spectra were presented.The results show that this system has a fairly large glass-forming region,some samples,for example as in molar composition of 50 GeSe2 25Ga2Se3 25KI,have good thermal stability and optical properties,the glass characteristic temperature difference,which expresses the glass thermal stability,is more than 120 K and the transmittance range from 0.59 to 14.2 μm

Robust Prediction of Prognosis and Immunotherapy Response for Bladder Cancer through Machine Learning Algorithm

The important roles of machine learning and ferroptosis in bladder cancer (BCa) are still poorly understood. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of 19 ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) was performed in 1322 patients with BCa from four independent patient cohorts and a pan-cancer cohort of 9824 patients. Twelve FRGs were selected through machine learning algorithm to construct the prognosis model. Significantly differential survival outcomes (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.09, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.55–2.82, p p p = 0.02), and the pan-cancer cohort (HR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.07–1.24, p < 0.0001). Tumor immunity-related pathways, including the IL-17 signaling pathway and JAK-STAT signaling pathway, were found to be associated with the ferroptosis score in BCa through a functional enrichment analysis. Further verification in the IMvigor210 cohort revealed the BCa patients with high ferroptosis scores tended to have worse survival outcome after receiving tumor immunotherapy. Significantly different ferroptosis scores could also be found between BCa patients with different reactions to treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors