Usaha Tani Lada Putih di Desa Kedarpan Kecamatan Kejobong Kabupaten Purbalingga

The title of this research is "White Pepper farming in Kedarpan Village Subdistrict of Kejobong Purbalingga Regency". The purpose of this research was to analyze the advantages and the economic efficiency of white pepper farm in Kedarpan Village Subdistrict of Kejobong Purbalingga Regency. The research method is a survey. This research used are primary data and secondary data. The samples are all members of farmer groups, namely white pepper farmer groups Margo Utomo numbered 44 people. The data analysis technique used is the analysis of the advantages (TR-TC) and analysis of R/C ratio. Based on the results of the research are first, white pepper farming is unprofitable, with the average loss per hectare is -Rp27.900.460,11. Second, the results of the analysis of R/C ratio shows that the value of economic efficiency white pepper farm in Kedarpan Village, Subdistrict of Kejobong, Purbalingga Regency yet efficient is 0,81. The implications of this research are white pepper farm in Kedarpan Village Subdistrict of Kejobong Purbalingga Regency farmers should pay attention to the factors of production are excluded, as it is known that there are three costs incurred is too large labor costs, the cost of fertilizer, and land rental costs. White pepper farmers also need to pay attention to post-harvest processing, especially in the immersion process so that the quality of white pepper in the village Kedarpan be nice. The local government or related agencies namely the Department of Agriculture, Plantation and Forestry should continue to conduct cooperation and assistance in the form of training and guidance to the group farming white pepper so that the pepper farmers have the knowledge and deeper understanding of the problems of farming white pepper so that the farmers can develop their business

Usaha Tani Lada Putih di Desa Kedarpan Kecamatan Kejobong Kabupaten Purbalingga

ABSTRACT The title of this research is "White Pepper farming in Kedarpan Village Subdistrict of Kejobong Purbalingga Regency". The purpose of this research was to analyze the advantages and the economic efficiency of white pepper farm in Kedarpan Village Subdistrict of Kejobong Purbalingga Regency. The research method is a survey. This research used are primary data and secondary data. The samples are all members of farmer groups, namely white pepper farmer groups Margo Utomo numbered 44 people. The data analysis technique used is the analysis of the advantages (TR-TC) and analysis of R/C ratio. Based on the results of the research are first, white pepper farming is unprofitable, with the average loss per hectare is  -Rp27.900.460,11. Second, the results of the analysis of R/C ratio shows that the value of economic efficiency white pepper farm in Kedarpan Village, Subdistrict of Kejobong, Purbalingga Regency yet efficient is 0,81. The implications of this research are white pepper farm in Kedarpan Village Subdistrict of Kejobong Purbalingga Regency farmers should pay attention to the factors of production are excluded, as it is known that there are three costs incurred is too large labor costs, the cost of fertilizer, and land rental costs. White pepper farmers also need to pay attention to post-harvest processing, especially in the immersion process so that the quality of white pepper in the village Kedarpan be nice. The local government or related agencies namely the Department of Agriculture, Plantation and Forestry should continue to conduct cooperation and assistance in the form of training and guidance to the group farming white pepper so that the pepper farmers have the knowledge and deeper understanding of the problems of farming white pepper so that the farmers can develop their business.Keywords: Farming, white pepper, economic efficienc

Insect-Attracting and Antimicrobial Properties of Antifreeze for Monitoring Insect Pests and Natural Enemies in Stored Corn

Insect infestations in stored grain cause extensive damage worldwide. Storage insect pests, including the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae); Sitophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae); and their natural enemies [e.g., Cephalonomia tarsalis (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), and Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)] inhabit a temporary, but stable ecosystem with constant environmental conditions. The objective of the present experiment was to assess the efficacy of using ethylene glycol antifreeze in combination with nutrient solutions to monitor storage insect pest and natural enemy populations in three bins of corn, Zea mays L. The treatments were deionized water, a diluted (1:5 antifreeze:water) antifreeze solution, 10% honey, 10% honey in the diluted antifreeze solution, 10% beer in the diluted antifreeze solution, 10% sucrose in the diluted antifreeze solution, and a commercial pheromone trap suspended in a 3.8-liter container filled with 300-ml of diluted antifreeze solution. The seven treatments captured storage insect pests and their natural enemies in the bins at 33-36°C and 51-55% RH. The pheromone trap in the container with the diluted antifreeze captured significantly more P. interpunctella than the other treatments, but a lower percentage (7.6%) of these captures were females compared with the rest of the treatments (\u3e40% females). All trapping solutions also captured Sitophilus spp. and other beetle species, but the captures of the coleopteran pests were not significantly different among the seven treatments (P \u3e 0.05). Two parasitoid wasps also were captured in the study. The number of A. calandrae was different among the seven treatments (P \u3c 0.05), whereas the number of C. tarsalis was not different among the treatments (P \u3e 0.05). Most A. calandrae adults were captured by the 10% honey in the diluted antifreeze, whereas the fewest were captured in the deionized water. Microbial growth was observed in the 10% honey solution, but no microbial growth occurred in the rest of the treatments, including 10% honey in the diluted antifreeze solution. The results of insect captures and microbial growth demonstrated that antifreeze could be used as a part of storage insect monitoring and/or control programs

High-Density Linkage Maps and Loci for Berry Color and Flower Sex in Muscadine Grape (Vitis rotundifolia)

Key message: Linkage maps of muscadine grape generated using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) provide insight into genome collinearity between Muscadinia and Euvitis subgenera and genetic control of flower sex and berry color. Abstract: The muscadine grape, Vitis rotundifolia, is a specialty crop native to the southeastern USA. Muscadine vines can be male, female, or perfect-flowered, and berry color ranges from bronze to black. Genetic linkage maps were constructed using genotyping-by-sequencing in two F 1 populations segregating for flower sex and berry color. The linkage maps consisted of 1244 and 2069 markers assigned to 20 linkage groups (LG) for the ‘Black Beauty’ × ‘Nesbitt’ and ‘Supreme’ × ‘Nesbitt’ populations, respectively. Data from both populations were used to generate a consensus map with 2346 markers across 20 LGs. A high degree of collinearity was observed between the genetic maps and the Vitis vinifera physical map. The higher chromosome number in muscadine (2n = 40) compared to V. vinifera (2n = 38) was accounted for by the behavior of V. vinifera chromosome 7 as two independently segregating LGs in muscadine. The muscadine sex locus mapped to an interval that aligned to 4.64–5.09 Mb on V. vinifera chromosome 2, a region which includes the previously described V. vinifera subsp. sylvestris sex locus. While the MYB transcription factor genes controlling fruit color in V. vinifera are located on chromosome 2, the muscadine berry color locus mapped to an interval aligning to 11.09–11.88 Mb on V. vinifera chromosome 4, suggesting that a mutation in a different gene in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway determines berry color in muscadine. These linkage maps lay the groundwork for marker-assisted breeding in muscadine and provide insight into the evolution of Vitis species

Insect-Attracting and Antimicrobial Properties of Antifreeze for Monitoring Insect Pests and Natural Enemies in Stored Corn

Insect infestations in stored grain cause extensive damage worldwide. Storage insect pests, including the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae); Sitophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae); and their natural enemies [e.g., Cephalonomia tarsalis (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), and Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)] inhabit a temporary, but stable ecosystem with constant environmental conditions. The objective of the present experiment was to assess the efficacy of using ethylene glycol antifreeze in combination with nutrient solutions to monitor storage insect pest and natural enemy populations in three bins of corn, Zea mays L. The treatments were deionized water, a diluted (1:5 antifreeze:water) antifreeze solution, 10% honey, 10% honey in the diluted antifreeze solution, 10% beer in the diluted antifreeze solution, 10% sucrose in the diluted antifreeze solution, and a commercial pheromone trap suspended in a 3.8-liter container filled with 300-ml of diluted antifreeze solution. The seven treatments captured storage insect pests and their natural enemies in the bins at 33-36°C and 51-55% RH. The pheromone trap in the container with the diluted antifreeze captured significantly more P. interpunctella than the other treatments, but a lower percentage (7.6%) of these captures were females compared with the rest of the treatments (\u3e40% females). All trapping solutions also captured Sitophilus spp. and other beetle species, but the captures of the coleopteran pests were not significantly different among the seven treatments (P \u3e 0.05). Two parasitoid wasps also were captured in the study. The number of A. calandrae was different among the seven treatments (P \u3c 0.05), whereas the number of C. tarsalis was not different among the treatments (P \u3e 0.05). Most A. calandrae adults were captured by the 10% honey in the diluted antifreeze, whereas the fewest were captured in the deionized water. Microbial growth was observed in the 10% honey solution, but no microbial growth occurred in the rest of the treatments, including 10% honey in the diluted antifreeze solution. The results of insect captures and microbial growth demonstrated that antifreeze could be used as a part of storage insect monitoring and/or control programs

Sequence Analysis of Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Clones from the Apospory-Specific Genomic Region of Pennisetum and Cenchrus1[W][OA]

Apomixis, asexual reproduction through seed, is widespread among angiosperm families. Gametophytic apomixis in Pennisetum squamulatum and Cenchrus ciliaris is controlled by the apospory-specific genomic region (ASGR), which is highly conserved and macrosyntenic between these species. Thirty-two ASGR bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) isolated from both species and one ASGR-recombining BAC from P. squamulatum, which together cover approximately 2.7 Mb of DNA, were used to investigate the genomic structure of this region. Phrap assembly of 4,521 high-quality reads generated 1,341 contiguous sequences (contigs; 730 from the ASGR and 30 from the ASGR-recombining BAC in P. squamulatum, plus 580 from the C. ciliaris ASGR). Contigs containing putative protein-coding regions unrelated to transposable elements were identified based on protein similarity after Basic Local Alignment Search Tool X analysis. These putative coding regions were further analyzed in silico with reference to the rice (Oryza sativa) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genomes using the resources at Gramene (www.gramene.org) and Phytozome (www.phytozome.net) and by hybridization against sorghum BAC filters. The ASGR sequences reveal that the ASGR (1) contains both gene-rich and gene-poor segments, (2) contains several genes that may play a role in apomictic development, (3) has many classes of transposable elements, and (4) does not exhibit large-scale synteny with either rice or sorghum genomes but does contain multiple regions of microsynteny with these species