632 research outputs found
Disarmament, Development and Security
SUMMARY Only action can make further discussion of the relationship between disarmament, development and security credible. Although the Brandt and Palme Commissions heightened public awareness, governments have largely ignored both such bodies and popular movements. The superpowers hold the key but alternative voices must be heard, including middle?country coalitions, the Commonwealth, and the smallest countries which feel special insecurity. Collective security would help developing countries cut arms spending. The Brandt Symposium in April 1985 urged governments to plan for conversion of resources from military to civilian use. The projected UN Conference on Disarmament and Development could make practical advances and reassert the centrality of the disarmament and development relationship. SOMMAIRE DĂ©sarmement, dĂ©veloppement et sĂ©curitĂ© Seul le fait d'agir peut restituer une certaine crĂ©dibilitĂ© Ă la discussion des rapports entre le dĂ©sarmement, le dĂ©veloppement et la sĂ©curitĂ©. Quoique les commissions Brandt et Palme ont atteint la connaissance du public, les gouvernements ont grandement ignorĂ©s ces organisations ainsi que les mouvements populaires. Les grandes puissances tiennent les rĂŞnes mais d'autres doivent avoir droit Ă la parole, les pays moyens y compris, le Commonwealth, et les plus petits pays qui souffrent d'une certaine insĂ©curitĂ©. Une sĂ©curitĂ© collective aiderait les pays en voie de dĂ©veloppement Ă freiner leurs dĂ©penses en armement. Le Symposium de Brandt en avril 1985 pressait les gouvernements Ă mettre sur pied une stratĂ©gie pour convertir les ressources Ă but militaire Ă usage civil. La future ConfĂ©rence des Nations Unies sur le DĂ©sarmement et le DĂ©veloppement pourrait avancer des idĂ©es pratiques et rĂ©affirmer la centralisation des rapports du dĂ©sarmement et du dĂ©veloppement. RESUMEN Desarme, desarrollo y sequridad Cualquiera discusiĂłn futura acerca de la relaciĂłn entre desarme, desarrollo y seguridad sĂłlo tendrá credibilidad a travĂ©s de la acciĂłn. Aunque las Comisiones. Brandt y Palme acrecentaron la conciencia pĂşblica sobre el problema, por lo general los gobiernos han ignorado tanto a esos organismos como a los movimientos populares. Las superpotencias tienen la Ăşltima palabra pero las opiniones alternativas debieran hacerse oir incluyendo aquellas de coaliciones de paĂses intermedios, del Commonwealth y los paĂses más pequeños que sienten gran inseguridad. Los paĂses en desarrollo podrĂan disminuir su gasto de armamentos mediante la creaciĂłn de sistemas de seguridad colectivos. El symposium Brandt de abril de 1985 urgiĂł a los gobiernos para que planificaran la conversiĂłn de recursos de uso militar a uso civil. La proyectada conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Desarme y Desarrollo podrĂa resultar en adelantos prácticos y reafirmar el carácter central de la relaciĂłn entre desarme y desarrollo
The Role of judicial intervention when confronted with an unbalanced contract
International audienc
A possible link between critical and limiting flux for colloidal systems: consideration of critical deposit formation along a membrane
Correlation of chemical composition and odor concentration for emissions from pig slaughterhouse sludge composting and storage
International audienceThe objective of this study was to correlate the chem. compn. and the odor concn. of emissions produced during storage and composting of pig slaughterhouse sludge (PSS). Seven exptl. conditions were monitored using composting reactors with forced aeration and cells designed to simulate storage. Sixty-six gas samples were collected and characterized by both GC-MS and olfactometry. Two types of correlation were investigated between the chem. compn. and the odor concn. (OC) of every gas sample. The odor activity value for a given emitted compd. (OAV) was computed as the ratio of its chem. concn. to its odor detection threshold (ODT). The correlation OAVMAX considered that the OC of a gas sample was equal to its highest OAV whereas the correlation OAVSUM considered that the odor of the gas sample was equal to the sum of the OAV of every compd. contained in the gas sample. As per Std. EN 13725, both OAVMAX and OAVSUM were compared using a confidence level for OC defined as [OC/1.65 to 1.65 Ă— OC]. Whereas OAVMAX values were within the confidence level of OC for 62% of the 66 gas samples, OAVSUM values were within this confidence level for only 53%. Validating OAVMAX as a satisfying correlation between chem. compn. and OC, only three compds. among the 66 identified namely trimethylamine, hydrogen sulfide and methanethiol, accounted for the prediction of OC measured during composting and storage of PSS
Modelling the properties of liquid foods for use of process flowsheeting simulators: Application to milk concentration
In this paper, a modelling approach for liquid food products in a chemical process simulator is proposed from the flowsheeting methodology widely used for chemical processes. The focus is set on dairy concentration processes, in which milk is defined as a mixture of water and four dry matter components (fat, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals) modelled as “pseudo-components” in a conventional simulator which has been adapted to take into account the behaviour of the liquid food product considered. The significant properties of milk (heat capacity, boiling point elevation, thermal conductivity, density, viscosity, surface tension) are modelled with empirical models found in the literature and implemented in the simulator. In order to validate the approach, an industrial milk evaporation process and a pilot-scale evaporator are modelled and simulated. The results are compared with industrial and experimental results respectively, and show a good agreement with the industrial process. However improvements are needed in modelling the pilot scale evaporator. The proposed approach is generic enough to be extended to other liquid foods
Caractérisation de filtrabilité par la filtration centrifuge – CEFU
Il existe une grande diversité des techniques pour la mesure de la filtrabilité de suspensions. Cependant, les techniques existantes ne sont pas adaptées à la caractérisation rapide d’un grand nombre de petits échantillons (surtout, des échantillons liquides).Depuis quelques années l’Université Technologique de Compiègne et la société LUM GmbH travaillent sur le développement de la centrifugation analytique pour la caractérisation accélérée de la filtrabilité des suspensions et dispersions. La méthode consiste à réaliser des essais de filtration à l’aide de la centrifugation analytique puis à analyser les courbes de la filtration centrifuge obtenues pour en extraire des propriétés des solutions.La comparaison simple des courbes de filtration obtenues permet de classifier les échantillons selon leur filtrabilité. De plus, l’analyse des courbes de filtration permet la caractérisation quantitative de la filtrabilité : détermination de la résistance de la membrane colmatée, de la résistance spécifique du gâteau et des propriétés de réversibilité de la compression du gâteau. La méthode d’analyse des données dépend de la nature des échantillons : deux méthodes adaptées pour des suspensions concentrées et des solutions des colloïdes sont validées actuellement .Le congrès MemPro6 sera l’occasion de présenter les résultats les plus récents sur l’ultra- et la microfiltration centrifuge pour la caractérisation de la filtrabilité des solution
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