Rathke cleft cyst with size fluctuation: A systematic literature review and case illustration

Background: Rathke cleft cysts (RCCs) are known sellar/suprasellar lesions that can grow and become symptomatic. For most asymptomatic lesions, stability is a typical outcome of surveillance; however, random relapse or cyst size fluctuation may also be observed. The conventional treatment for growing cysts is transsphenoidal removal. Methods: A literature review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. For significance, all journals were screened. Only records of tissue diagnosed RCCs with changes in size were included. Age and sex at diagnosis, size of the lesion, symptoms (if any), pituitary dysfunction, follow-up period, and size reduction were included in the data items. Results: A total of 4 articles where selected after the second exclusion method. Three articles where case series and one was a case report. Eight total patients where histologically proven to have Rathke cleft cysts which fluctuated in size without intervention. Conclusion: This review shows that RCCs can decrease or fluctuate in size following a dynamic process that is not fully understood. In the absence of symptoms, a larger cyst or an absolute increase in a cyst size, which may traditionally provoke an early surgical intervention, should be assessed and managed carefully to avoid potentially unneeded surgical morbidity

On equatorial geophysics studies: a review on the IGIRGEA results during the last decade.

During the years 1993–1994, a continuous campaign of measurements has been held in the frame of the International Equatorial Electrojet Year (IEEY) with a network of 10 magneto-telluric stations and a network of three ionosondes. Other instruments have participated during shorter periods, HF radar and optical Fabry-Perot 630 nm interferometer.After the IEEY campaigns, the International Group of Research in Geophysics in Europe Africa (IGRGEA created in January 1995), has organized the research in geophysics. This paper report the main results of the IGRGEA during the last decade at local, regional and planetary scales.At a local scale, the HF radar data highlighted the complex structure of echoes in the equatorial zone and allowed to explain the “necklace” echoes as due to oblique propagation into the type I instability levels. This radar observed atmospheric storm electric field discharges at Es layer for the daytime and Equatorial Spread F at night-time. A series of original results concern Doppler spectra and the electric field change on plasma drifts across the ionosphere, gravity waves effects as well the ESF multi-process sources.At a regional scale, magnetic data were used to parametrize the Equatorial Electrojet (EEJ). Ionospheric data, magnetic data and UARS satellite were brought together as input parameters of the Richmond's EEJ model to reproduce the EEJ and the magnetic field variations associated to EEJ. The comparisons between magnetic data, and the magnetic field computed from the physical model and from the parametrization of the EEJ are all in good agreement. Ionosonde data were included in the IRI. Ionosonde data revealed the field aligned f0F2 crests of ionization at mid morning and early afternoon hours. Measurements of equatorial night-time wind variations, obtained for the first time over African equatorial zone with the Fabry-Perot interferometer, shown the strong variability of atmospheric winds.At a planetary scale, the parametrization of the EEJ was done using the magnetometers chain involved during IEEY in the three longitude sectors. Finally, we present the results on electrodynamic coupling between high and low latitudes with overshielding or shielding events