Impact de la température corporelle sur la phosphorylation de tau dans le contexte du sommeil

La protéine tau est un marqueur pathologique important de la maladie d’Alzheimer car son niveau de phosphorylation et d’agrégation sont en corrélation avec la progression de la maladie. Les troubles du sommeil sont fréquents dans la maladie d'Alzheimer et inversement les études longitudinales montrent que les personnes présentant des troubles du sommeil sont plus à risque de développer la maladie d’Alzheimer. Cependant, on ne sait pas par quels mécanismes le manque de sommeil contribue au développement de la maladie. Mon laboratoire d’accueil à précédemment démontré que la température centrale peut affecter la phosphorylation de la protéine tau et que la température corporelle suit des oscillations circadiennes, nous avons émis l'hypothèse que la phosphorylation de la protéine tau pourrait être soumise à des oscillations circadiennes dues à la température corporelle. L’objectif de cette thèse était de déterminer si la phosphorylation de tau suit un rythme circadien et si la température corporelle et le sommeil sont impliqués dans le processus. Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré que la phosphorylation de tau suit un rythme circadien : lorsque les animaux dorment, leur température est plus basse et la protéine tau est plus phosphorylée, inversement, pendant l’activité, la température corporelle est plus haute, et tau est déphosphorylée. Pour déterminer si la température corporelle est directement impliquée dans le rythme circadien de la phosphorylation de tau, nous avons modifié les oscillations circadiennes de la température corporelle en exposant les animaux à 34ºC dans une étuve prévue à cet effet. L’exposition des animaux à cette température diminuait l’amplitude de la variation circadienne de la température corporelle et annulait les variations circadiennes de la phosphorylation de tau. Par la suite, nous avons déterminé si le sommeil pouvait avoir un impact sur la température corporelle et sur phosphorylation de tau en privant des souris de sommeil pendant 6 heures. La privation de sommeil augmentait la température corporelle et diminuait significativement la phosphorylation de tau. Pour vérifier que la température corporelle est impliquée dans le rythme circadien de la phosphorylation de tau nous avons exposé une lignée de cellules neuronales à la température rectale moyenne mesurée chez les souris pendant le sommeil (36.3ºC) et l’activité (37.4ºC). Une baisse de la température d’un degré était suffisante pour diminuer significativement la phosphorylation de tau. Globalement, nos résultats démontrent que la phosphorylation de la protéine tau suit un iv rythme circadien et qu’elle est influencée par le cycle veille/sommeil et par la température corporelle.Tau protein is an important pathological marker of Alzheimer's disease because its level of phosphorylation and aggregation correlates with the progression of the disease. Sleep disorders are common in Alzheimer's disease and conversely longitudinal studies show that people with sleep disorders are at higher risk to develop Alzheimer's disease. However, the mechanisms by which poor sleep contributes to the development of the disease are unknown. As my host laboratory previously demonstrated that central body temperature can affect the phosphorylation of tau protein and that body temperature follows circadian oscillations, we hypothesized that phosphorylation of tau protein could be subjected to circadian oscillations due to body temperature. The objective of this thesis was to determine if phosphorylation of tau follows a circadian rhythm and if body temperature and sleep are involved in the process. First, we showed that the phosphorylation of tau follows a circadian rhythm: when the animals were sleeping, their temperature was lower and tau protein was more phosphorylated, conversely, during the activity, body temperature was higher, and tau was dephosphorylated. To determine whether body temperature was involved in the circadian rhythm of tau phosphorylation, we changed the circadian body temperature oscillations by exposing the animals to 34ºC in an incubator dedicated for animal housing. Exposure to 34ºC decreased the magnitude of circadian body temperature variation and abolished circadian changes in tau phosphorylation. Subsequently, we determined whether sleep had an impact on body temperature and tau phosphorylation by testing the effect of 6 hours sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation increased body temperature and significantly decreased tau phosphorylation. To verify that body temperature is directly involved in circadian rhythm of phosphorylation of tau, we exposed a neuronal cell line at the mean rectal temperature measured during sleep (36.3ºC) and activity (37.4ºC). A decrease of one degree Celsius was sufficient to significantly decrease tau phosphorylation. Overall, our results demonstrate that phosphorylation of tau protein follows a circadian rhythm and is influenced by the sleep/wake cycle and body temperature

Regulation of intestinal epithelial cells transcriptome by enteric glial cells: impact on intestinal epithelial barrier functions

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Emerging evidences suggest that enteric glial cells (EGC), a major constituent of the enteric nervous system (ENS), are key regulators of intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) functions. Indeed EGC inhibit intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) proliferation and increase IEB paracellular permeability. However, the role of EGC on other important barrier functions and the signalling pathways involved in their effects are currently unknown. To achieve this goal, we aimed at identifying the impact of EGC upon IEC transcriptome by performing microarray studies.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>EGC induced significant changes in gene expression profiling of proliferating IEC after 24 hours of co-culture. 116 genes were identified as differentially expressed (70 up-regulated and 46 down-regulated) in IEC cultured with EGC compared to IEC cultured alone. By performing functional analysis of the 116 identified genes using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, we showed that EGC induced a significant regulation of genes favoring both cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix adhesion as well as cell differentiation. Consistently, functional studies showed that EGC induced a significant increase in cell adhesion. EGC also regulated genes involved in cell motility towards an enhancement of cell motility. In addition, EGC profoundly modulated expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and cell survival, although no clear functional trend could be identified. Finally, important genes involved in lipid and protein metabolism of epithelial cells were shown to be differentially regulated by EGC.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study reinforces the emerging concept that EGC have major protective effects upon the IEB. EGC have a profound impact upon IEC transcriptome and induce a shift in IEC phenotype towards increased cell adhesion and cell differentiation. This concept needs to be further validated under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.</p

Gene expression profiling in sinonasal adenocarcinoma

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Sinonasal adenocarcinomas are uncommon tumors which develop in the ethmoid sinus after exposure to wood dust. Although the etiology of these tumors is well defined, very little is known about their molecular basis and no diagnostic tool exists for their early detection in high-risk workers.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To identify genes involved in this disease, we performed gene expression profiling using cancer-dedicated microarrays, on nine matched samples of sinonasal adenocarcinomas and non-tumor sinusal tissue. Microarray results were validated by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry on two additional sets of tumors.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Among the genes with significant differential expression we selected <it>LGALS4, ACS5, CLU, SRI and CCT5 </it>for further exploration. The overexpression of <it>LGALS4, ACS5, SRI</it>, <it>CCT5 </it>and the downregulation of <it>CLU </it>were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed for LGALS4 (Galectin 4), ACS5 (Acyl-CoA synthetase) and CLU (Clusterin) proteins: LGALS4 was highly up-regulated, particularly in the most differentiated tumors, while CLU was lost in all tumors. The expression of ACS5, was more heterogeneous and no correlation was observed with the tumor type.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Within our microarray study in sinonasal adenocarcinoma we identified two proteins, LGALS4 and CLU, that were significantly differentially expressed in tumors compared to normal tissue. A further evaluation on a new set of tissues, including precancerous stages and low grade tumors, is necessary to evaluate the possibility of using them as diagnostic markers.</p

Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Pathology, therapeutic drugs and prophylaxis

International audienceHuman Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract diseases, affecting particularly newborns and young children. This virus is able to modulate the immune response, generating a pro-inflammatory environment in the airways that causes obstruction and pulmonary alterations in the infected host. To date, no vaccines are available for human use and the first vaccine that reached clinical trials produced an enhanced hRSV-associated pathology 50 years ago, resulting in the death of two children. Currently, only two therapeutic approaches have been used to treat hRSV infection in high risk children: 1. Palivizumab, a humanized antibody against the F glycoprotein that reduces to half the number of hospitalized cases and 2. Ribavirin, which fails to have a significant therapeutic effect. A major caveat for these approaches is their high economical cost, which highlights the need of new and affordable therapeutic or prophylactic tools to treat or prevents hRSV infection. Accordingly, several efforts are in progress to understand the hRSV-associated pathology and to characterize the immune response elicited by this virus. Currently, preclinical and clinical trials are being conducted to evaluate safety and efficacy of several drugs and vaccines, which have shown promising results. In this article, we discuss the most important advances in the development of drugs and vaccines, which could eventually lead to better strategies to treat or prevent the detrimental inflammation triggered by hRSV infection

Expression profiling of Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyta) after exposure to methyl jasmonate

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a plant hormone important for the mediation of signals for developmental processes and defence reactions in higher plants. The effects of MeJA and the signalling pathways on other photosynthetic organism groups are largely unknown, even though MeJA may have very important roles. Therefore the effects of MeJA in a red alga were studied. A medium-scale expression profiling approach to identify genes regulated by MeJA in the red seaweed Chondrus crispus is described here. The expression profiles were studied 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h after the addition of MeJA to the seawater surrounding the algae. The changes in the transcriptome were monitored using cDNA microarrays with 1920 different cDNA representing 1295 unique genes. The responses of selected genes were verified with real-time PCR and the correlation between the two methods was generally satisfying. The study showed that 6 % of genes studied showed a response to the addition of MeJA and the most dynamic response was seen after 6 h. Genes that showed up-regulation included several glutathione S-transferases, heat shock protein 20, a xenobiotic reductase, and phycocyanin lyase. Down-regulated transcripts included glucose kinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and a ribosomal protein. A comparison between different functional groups showed an up-regulation of stress-related genes and a down-regulation of genes involved in energy conversion and general metabolism. It is concluded that MeJA, or a related compound, has a physiological role as a stress hormone in red algae. This study represents to our knowledge the first analysis of gene expression using cDNA microarrays in a red macroalga

Temperature-induced Artifacts in Tau Phosphorylation: Implications for Reliable Alzheimer's Disease Research.

In preclinical research on Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies, tau phosphorylation analysis is routinely employed in both cellular and animal models. However, recognizing the sensitivity of tau phosphorylation to various extrinsic factors, notably temperature, is vital for experimental accuracy. Hypothermia can trigger tau hyperphosphorylation, while hyperthermia leads to its dephosphorylation. Nevertheless, the rapidity of tau phosphorylation in response to unintentional temperature variations remains unknown. In cell cultures, the most significant temperature change occurs when the cells are removed from the incubator before harvesting, and in animal models, during anesthesia prior to euthanasia. In this study, we investigate the kinetics of tau phosphorylation in N2a and SH-SY5Y neuronal cell lines, as well as in mice exposed to anesthesia. We observed changes in tau phosphorylation within the few seconds upon transferring cell cultures from their 37°C incubator to room temperature conditions. However, cells placed directly on ice post-incubation exhibited negligible phosphorylation changes. In vivo, isoflurane anesthesia rapidly resulted in tau hyperphosphorylation within the few seconds needed to lose the pedal withdrawal reflex in mice. These findings emphasize the critical importance of preventing temperature variation in researches focused on tau. To ensure accurate results, we recommend avoiding anesthesia before euthanasia and promptly placing cells on ice after removal from the incubator. By controlling temperature fluctuations, the reliability and validity of tau phosphorylation studies can be significantly enhanced

Isolation and analysis of differentially expressed genes in Penicillium glabrum subjected to thermal stress

This is an author manuscript that has been accepted for publication in Journal of Medical Microbiology, copyright Society for General Microbiology, but has not been copy-edited, formatted or proofed. Cite this article as appearing in Journal of Medical Microbiology. This version of the manuscript may not be duplicated or reproduced, other than for personal use or within the rule of 'Fair Use of Copyrighted Materials' (section 17, Title 17, US Code), without permission from the copyright owner, Society for General Microbiology. The Society for General Microbiology disclaims any responsibility or liability for errors or omissions in this version of the manuscript or in any version derived from it by any other parties. The final copy-edited, published article, which is the version of record, can be found at http://mic.sgmjournals.org, and is freely available without a subscription.International audiencePenicillium glabrum is a filamentous fungus frequently involved in food contamination. Numerous environmental factors (temperature, humidity, atmosphere composition, etc.) or food characteristics (water activity, pH, preservatives, etc.) could represent potential sources of stress for micro-organisms. These factors can directly affect physiology of these spoilage micro-organisms: growth, conidiation, synthesis of secondary metabolites, etc. This study investigates the transcriptional response to temperature in P. glabrum, since this factor is one of the most important for fungal growth. Gene expression was first analysed by using suppression subtractive hybridization to generate two libraries containing 445 different up- and down-regulated Expressed Sequenced Tags (ESTs). Expression of these ESTs was then assessed for different thermal stress conditions, with cDNA microarrays, resulting in the identification of 35 and 49 significantly up- and down-regulated ESTs, respectively. These ESTs encode heat shock proteins, ribosomal proteins, superoxide dismutase, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and a large variety of identified or unknown proteins. Some of them may be potential molecular markers for thermal stress response in P. glabrum. To our knowledge, this work represents the first study of the transcriptional response of a food spoilage filamentous fungus under thermal stress conditions

Differentially-expressed genes in pig Longissimus muscles with contrasting levels of fat, as identified by combined transcriptomic, reverse transcription PCR, and proteomic analyses.

International audienceIntramuscular fat content is important for many meat quality parameters. This work is aimed at identifying functional categories of genes associated with natural variation among individuals in intramuscular fat content to help the design of genetic schemes for high marbling potential. Taking advantage of the global nature of transcriptomic and proteomic technologies, 40 genes were identified as differently expressed between high fat and low fat pig Longissimus muscles at slaughter weight. They are involved in metabolic processes, cell communication, binding, and response to stimulus. Using real-time PCR in muscle biopsies taken earlier in the fattening period, the group with a high intramuscular fat content was also characterized by the down-expression of genes playing a negative role in adipogenesis, such as architectural transcription factor high-motility hook A1, mitogen activated protein-kinase14, and cyclin D1. These results suggest that interindividual variability in intramuscular fat content might arise essentially from differences in early adipogenesis