Post-mastectomy lymphedema: a treatment protocol

O linfedema ainda é uma das principais sequelas decorrentes do tratamento cirúrgico do câncer de mama. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de um protocolo que inclui a utilização da estimulação elétrica de alta voltagem (EEAV) associada a ­exercícios ­terapêuticos, automassagem e autocuidados no ­tratamento do linfedema de membros superiores em mulheres submetidas a cirurgia para tratamento do câncer de mama. Participaram do estudo 17 voluntárias (60,9_+11,72 anos) submetidas à mastectomia unilateral, ­portadoras de linfedema de membro superior, homolateral à cirurgia. O tratamento constituiu-se de 14 aplicações da EEAV, duas vezes por semana, complementadas por orientações quanto ao autocuidado, automassagem e exercícios físicos. A evolução do tratamento foi avaliada por perimetria, cálculo da diferença de volume (DV) entre os membros, e percentual de aumento do volume (PAV) do membro afetado em relação ao contralateral. Os dados foram analisados por meio do método estatístico T ­pareado para variáveis dependentes e revelaram redução significativa de 14,13% (p=0,0067) do PAV e de 13,8% (p=0,0089) da DV, bem como da perimetria em três pontos: sete centímetros acima do cotovelo (p=0,0138), sete centímetros abaixo do cotovelo (p=0,0282) e no punho (p=0,0476). Pôde-se concluir que a utilização da estimulação elétrica de alta voltagem associada a exercícios e orientações foi eficaz na redução do linfedema do grupo avaliado.Lymphedema is still considered as one of the main sequela resulting from surgical treatment of breast cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a protocol that included use of a high-voltage electrical stimulation (HVES) associated with therapeutic exercises, self-massage, and self-care for the treatment of lymphedema of the upper limbs in women who underwent surgery for breast cancer treatment. This study included 17 volunteers (60.9_+11.72 years of age) submitted to unilateral mastectomy, with lymphedema of the upper limb, ipsilateral to surgery. The treatment consisted of application of 14 HVES, to the patients, twice a week, supplemented by guidance on self-care, self-massage, and physical exercises. The evolution of this treatment was assessed by perimetry, calculation of the volume difference (VD) between the limbs, and calculation of the volume increase percentage (VIP) of the affected limb compared to the contralateral limb. Data were analyzed using the statistical method for paired T and dependent variables, which showed a significant reduction of 14.13% (p=0.0067) in VIP and 13.8% (p=0.0089) in VD, as well as perimetry at the following three points: 7 cm above the elbow (p=0.0138), 7 cm below the elbow (p=0.0282), and at the wrist (p=0.0476). It was concluded that the use of HVES associated with the exercises and guidance on ­self-care and self-massage was effective to reduce the lymphedema in the evaluated group.El linfedema todavía es una de las principales secuelas derivadas del tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer de mama. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la eficacia de un protocolo que incluye la utilización de estimulación eléctrica de alto voltaje (EEAV) asociada a ejercicios terapéuticos, automasajes y autocuidados en el tratamiento del linfedema de miembros superiores en mujeres sometidas a cirugía para el tratamiento de cáncer de mama. Participaron del estudio 17 voluntarias (60,9±11,72 años) sometidas a mastectomía unilateral, portadoras de linfedema de miembro superior, ipsilateral a la cirugía. El tratamiento consiste en 14 aplicaciones de EEAV, dos veces por semana, complementadas por orientaciones en el autocuidado, automasaje y ejercicios físicos. La evolución del tratamiento fue evaluada por perímetros, cálculo de la diferencia de volumen (DV) entre los miembros y porcentaje de aumento del volumen (PAV) del miembro afectado en relación al contralateral. Los datos fueron analizados por medio del método estadístico T pareado para variables dependientes y revelaron reducción significativa de 14,13% (p=0,0067) del PAV y de 13,8% (p=0,0089) del DV, también en los perímetros en tres puntos: siete centímetros encima del codo (p=0,0138), siete centímetros abajo del codo (p=0,0282) y en la muñeca (p=0,0476). Se puede concluir que la utilización de la estimulación eléctrica de alto-voltaje asociada a ejercicios y orientaciones fue eficaz en la reducción del linfedema del grupo evaluado

The proteome of extracellular vesicles produced by the human gut bacteria bacteroides thetaiotaomicron in vivo Is influenced by environmental and host-derived factors

Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) released from both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria provide an effective means of communication and trafficking of cell signaling molecules. In the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) BEVs produced by members of the intestinal microbiota can impact host health by mediating microbe-host cell interactions. A major unresolved question, however, is what factors influence the composition of BEV proteins and whether the host influences protein packaging into BEVs and secretion into the GIT. To address this, we have analyzed the proteome of BEVs produced by the major human gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron both in vitro and in vivo in the murine GIT in order to identify proteins specifically enriched in BEVs produced in vivo. We identified 113 proteins enriched in BEVs produced in vivo, the majority (62/113) of which accumulated in BEVs in the absence of any changes in their expression by the parental cells. Among these selectively enriched proteins, we identified dipeptidyl peptidases and an asparaginase and confirmed their increased activity in BEVs produced in vivo. We also showed that intact BEVs are capable of degrading bile acids via a bile salt hydrolase. Collectively these findings provide additional evidence for the dynamic interplay of host-microbe interactions in the GIT and the existence of an active mechanism to drive and enrich a selected group of proteins for secretion into BEVs in the GIT