Earning and related variables of the otorhinolaryngologist registered by SBORL (ORL profile 2002)

After the 2002 Brazilian Otorhinolaryngologists' Cense conducted by the Brazilian Society of Otorhinolaryngology, the otorhinolaryngologists' profile was performed with several data that will be analyzed separately. AIM: To analyze the Otorhinolaryngologists' earning and related variables. STUDY DESIGN: Epidemiologist. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 1.636 answered questionnaires were analyzed from a total of 5.830 posted to Brazilian otorhinolaryngologists. EpiInfo was used as database and to perform statistical tests. The chi-square test was used to compare proportions, adjustment by stratification, and Maentel-Haenszel procedure, multivariate logistic regression RESULTS: Proportion of answered questionnaires and total of otorhinolaryngologysts grouped by geographical regions are similar (p=0,040). From 13 variables analyzed 12 were related to earning in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis evidence five independent variables related to earning. CONCLUSION: The otorhinolaryngologyst has a higher chance of earning 10 thousand reais if is male, a member of university service, has surgery ability, owns some equipment and has some years of graduation.Após a realização do Censo 2002 do Otorrinolaringologista (ORL) Brasileiro pela Sociedade Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia (SBORL), realizou-se o perfil do ORL obtendo-se uma série de dados que serão analisados separadamente. OBJETIVO: Estimar o rendimento do Otorrinolaringologista Brasileiro e verificar as variáveis associadas. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Epidemiológico. MATÉRIAL E MÉTODO: Foram analisados 1.636 questionários respondidos de um total de 5.830 enviados para os ORL. Foi utilizado o programa EpiInfo para armazenar e analisar os dados. Testes estatísticos usados: qui-quadrado para comparar proporções, ajustamento por estratificação e procedimento de Mantel-Haenszel, regressão logística multivariada. RESULTADOS: A proporção dos questionários e o número total de ORL agrupados por região geográfica são semelhantes (p=0,040). Inicialmente foram avaliadas 13 variáveis sendo 12 associadas com o rendimento. Análise multivariada mostrou que cinco variáveis estão associadas de maneira independente. CONCLUSÕES: O ORL que for do sexo masculino, tiver vínculo com serviço universitário, tiver boa habilidade cirúrgica em mais de uma área, possuir aparelhos e tiver mais tempo de formado tem mais chance de ter rendimento mensal acima de 10 mil reais.Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de Oftalmo, Otorrino e FonoaudiologiaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM) Departamento de ORL PediatriaUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais Hospital das ClínicasUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de ORL PediatriaSciEL

Concurrent Helminthic Infection Protects Schoolchildren with Plasmodium vivax from Anemia

malaria in rural areas in the municipality of Careiro, in the Western Brazilian Amazon. (n = 9). In children without intestinal helminthes, a significant decrease in the hemoglobin during the malarial attack was seen as compared to the baseline concentration. In the survival analysis, no difference was seen in the time (in days) from the baseline cross-sectional to the first malarial infection, between parasitized and non-parasitized children.

Sequence-independent characterization of viruses based on the pattern of viral small RNAs produced by the host. [Corrigendum]

published erratum2016 Apr 202016 01 21importedErratum for : Sequence-independent characterization of viruses based on the pattern of viral small RNAs produced by the host. [Nucleic Acids Res. 2015

The Missing Part of Seed Dispersal Networks: Structure and Robustness of Bat-Fruit Interactions

Mutualistic networks are crucial to the maintenance of ecosystem services. Unfortunately, what we know about seed dispersal networks is based only on bird-fruit interactions. Therefore, we aimed at filling part of this gap by investigating bat-fruit networks. It is known from population studies that: (i) some bat species depend more on fruits than others, and (ii) that some specialized frugivorous bats prefer particular plant genera. We tested whether those preferences affected the structure and robustness of the whole network and the functional roles of species. Nine bat-fruit datasets from the literature were analyzed and all networks showed lower complementary specialization (H2' = 0.37±0.10, mean ± SD) and similar nestedness (NODF = 0.56±0.12) than pollination networks. All networks were modular (M = 0.32±0.07), and had on average four cohesive subgroups (modules) of tightly connected bats and plants. The composition of those modules followed the genus-genus associations observed at population level (Artibeus-Ficus, Carollia-Piper, and Sturnira-Solanum), although a few of those plant genera were dispersed also by other bats. Bat-fruit networks showed high robustness to simulated cumulative removals of both bats (R = 0.55±0.10) and plants (R = 0.68±0.09). Primary frugivores interacted with a larger proportion of the plants available and also occupied more central positions; furthermore, their extinction caused larger changes in network structure. We conclude that bat-fruit networks are highly cohesive and robust mutualistic systems, in which redundancy is high within modules, although modules are complementary to each other. Dietary specialization seems to be an important structuring factor that affects the topology, the guild structure and functional roles in bat-fruit networks