An approach to the association between gastrointestinal hormones and dry matter intake in ruminants

Las hormonas gastrointestinales están relacionadas con el consumo de alimento. A pesar de que el mecanismo de acción de muchas de estas hormonas en animales no rumiantes es relativamente entendido, en rumiantes su función es aún poco comprendida y muchas veces contradictoria. Por ello, en este ensayo se discute la relación de la insulina, ghrelina, colecistoquinina (CCK), péptido tirosina tirosina (PYY) y los péptidos que derivan del gen del proglucagon (oxintomodulina, glicentina y péptidos similares al glucagón 1 y 2 (GLP-1 y GLP-2)) con el consumo de alimento en rumiantes. Estas hormonas también tienen una función en la regulación del metabolismo energético, lo cual se discutirá en otro ensayo. Las evidencias sugieren que en rumiantes, insulina, CCK y el GLP-1 disminuyen el consumo, mientras que ghrelina lo aumenta. La función de oxintomodulina, GLP-2 y PYY se conoce poco en rumiantes.Gastrointestinal hormones are related to feed intake. Despite the fact that the mechanisms of action of many of these hormones in non–ruminant animals is relatively well known, in ruminants their function is still not understood, and results reported in the literature are often contradictory. For this reason, this essay discusses how insulin, ghrelin, colecistokinin (CCK), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and peptides derived from the proglucagon gen (oxyntomodlin, glicentin and glucagon–like peptides 1 and 2 (GLP–1 and GLP–2)) are related to dry matter intake (DMI) in ruminants. These hormones also have a function in the regulation of metabolism, which will be discussed in another essay. The evidence suggests that in ruminants, insulin, CCK and GLP–1 reduce DMI, while ghrelin increases DMI. The function of oxyntomodulin, GLP–2 and PYY is little known in ruminants.Fil: Relling, Alejandro Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Pinos Rodríguez, J. Manuel. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Instituto de Investigación de Zonas Desérticas; MéxicoFil: Mattioli, Guillermo Alberto. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentin

An approach to the association between gastrointestinal hormones and dry matter intake in ruminants

Las hormonas gastrointestinales están relacionadas con el consumo de alimento. A pesar de que el mecanismo de acción de muchas de estas hormonas en animales no rumiantes es relativamente entendido, en rumiantes su función es aún poco comprendida y muchas veces contradictoria. Por ello, en este ensayo se discute la relación de la insulina, ghrelina, colecistoquinina (CCK), péptido tirosina tirosina (PYY) y los péptidos que derivan del gen del proglucagon (oxintomodulina, glicentina y péptidos similares al glucagón 1 y 2 (GLP-1 y GLP-2)) con el consumo de alimento en rumiantes. Estas hormonas también tienen una función en la regulación del metabolismo energético, lo cual se discutirá en otro ensayo. Las evidencias sugieren que en rumiantes, insulina, CCK y el GLP-1 disminuyen el consumo, mientras que ghrelina lo aumenta. La función de oxintomodulina, GLP-2 y PYY se conoce poco en rumiantes.Gastrointestinal hormones are related to feed intake. Despite the fact that the mechanisms of action of many of these hormones in non–ruminant animals is relatively well known, in ruminants their function is still not understood, and results reported in the literature are often contradictory. For this reason, this essay discusses how insulin, ghrelin, colecistokinin (CCK), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and peptides derived from the proglucagon gen (oxyntomodlin, glicentin and glucagon–like peptides 1 and 2 (GLP–1 and GLP–2)) are related to dry matter intake (DMI) in ruminants. These hormones also have a function in the regulation of metabolism, which will be discussed in another essay. The evidence suggests that in ruminants, insulin, CCK and GLP–1 reduce DMI, while ghrelin increases DMI. The function of oxyntomodulin, GLP–2 and PYY is little known in ruminants.Instituto de Genética Veterinari

An approach to the association between gastrointestinal hormones and dry matter intake in ruminants

Las hormonas gastrointestinales están relacionadas con el consumo de alimento. A pesar de que el mecanismo de acción de muchas de estas hormonas en animales no rumiantes es relativamente entendido, en rumiantes su función es aún poco comprendida y muchas veces contradictoria. Por ello, en este ensayo se discute la relación de la insulina, ghrelina, colecistoquinina (CCK), péptido tirosina tirosina (PYY) y los péptidos que derivan del gen del proglucagon (oxintomodulina, glicentina y péptidos similares al glucagón 1 y 2 (GLP-1 y GLP-2)) con el consumo de alimento en rumiantes. Estas hormonas también tienen una función en la regulación del metabolismo energético, lo cual se discutirá en otro ensayo. Las evidencias sugieren que en rumiantes, insulina, CCK y el GLP-1 disminuyen el consumo, mientras que ghrelina lo aumenta. La función de oxintomodulina, GLP-2 y PYY se conoce poco en rumiantes.Gastrointestinal hormones are related to feed intake. Despite the fact that the mechanisms of action of many of these hormones in non–ruminant animals is relatively well known, in ruminants their function is still not understood, and results reported in the literature are often contradictory. For this reason, this essay discusses how insulin, ghrelin, colecistokinin (CCK), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and peptides derived from the proglucagon gen (oxyntomodlin, glicentin and glucagon–like peptides 1 and 2 (GLP–1 and GLP–2)) are related to dry matter intake (DMI) in ruminants. These hormones also have a function in the regulation of metabolism, which will be discussed in another essay. The evidence suggests that in ruminants, insulin, CCK and GLP–1 reduce DMI, while ghrelin increases DMI. The function of oxyntomodulin, GLP–2 and PYY is little known in ruminants.Instituto de Genética Veterinari

Gastrointestinal hormones, their role on animal production. A review

Las hormonas gastrointestinales, sumadas a la insulina, regulan el metabolismo energético y el consumo de alimentos, por lo cual han recibido mucha atención en estudios de nutrición humana. Sin embargo, la información disponible es limitada y en algunos casos hasta contradictoria en rumiantes. El presente trabajo revisa esta información, haciendo hincapié en los efectos de cada hormona y en su asociación con la dieta. Las evidencias sugieren que en rumiantes la insulina, la colecistoquinina y el péptido similar al glucagón 1 se asocian con una disminución del consumo, mientras que la ghrelina lo aumentaría. Por otro lado el  polipéptido insulinotrópico dependiente de glucosa y el péptido similar al glucagón 1 podrían disminuir la lipólisis y aumentar la lipogénesis. La compresión del rol de estas hormonas en el metabolismo y su regulación a través de la nutrición son factores importantes a tener en cuenta en la nutrición de rumiantes.Gastrointestinal hormones, plus insulin, regulate energy metabolism and dry matter intake, for that reason the have received a lot of intrerest in studies in human nutrition. However, there is little information in ruminants and sometimes the data is contradictory. The present manuscript reviews what is known in ruminants, emphasizing the effects of each hormone and their association with the diet. Evidence in ruminants suggests that insulin, cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide 1 are associated with a decrease in dry matter intake, while ghrelin increases it. The hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and lucagon-like peptide 1 may decrease lipolysis and increase lipogenesis in ruminant adipose tissue. Therefore, the understanding of the role of these hormones on metabolism and the manipulation of their concentration through nutrition are important factors to consider in ruminant nutrition.Instituto de Genética VeterinariaFacultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Gastrointestinal hormones, their role on animal production. A review

Las hormonas gastrointestinales, sumadas a la insulina, regulan el metabolismo energético y el consumo de alimentos, por lo cual han recibido mucha atención en estudios de nutrición humana. Sin embargo, la información disponible es limitada y en algunos casos hasta contradictoria en rumiantes. El presente trabajo revisa esta información, haciendo hincapié en los efectos de cada hormona y en su asociación con la dieta. Las evidencias sugieren que en rumiantes la insulina, la colecistoquinina y el péptido similar al glucagón 1 se asocian con una disminución del consumo, mientras que la ghrelina lo aumentaría. Por otro lado el  polipéptido insulinotrópico dependiente de glucosa y el péptido similar al glucagón 1 podrían disminuir la lipólisis y aumentar la lipogénesis. La compresión del rol de estas hormonas en el metabolismo y su regulación a través de la nutrición son factores importantes a tener en cuenta en la nutrición de rumiantes.Gastrointestinal hormones, plus insulin, regulate energy metabolism and dry matter intake, for that reason the have received a lot of intrerest in studies in human nutrition. However, there is little information in ruminants and sometimes the data is contradictory. The present manuscript reviews what is known in ruminants, emphasizing the effects of each hormone and their association with the diet. Evidence in ruminants suggests that insulin, cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide 1 are associated with a decrease in dry matter intake, while ghrelin increases it. The hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and lucagon-like peptide 1 may decrease lipolysis and increase lipogenesis in ruminant adipose tissue. Therefore, the understanding of the role of these hormones on metabolism and the manipulation of their concentration through nutrition are important factors to consider in ruminant nutrition.Instituto de Genética VeterinariaFacultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Copper metabolism and deficiency in cattle

En el bovino el Cu se absorbe a nivel intestinal y es depositado en el hígado, desde donde se distribuye vía sanguínea hacia los tejidos, para ser incorporado a metaloenzimas dependientes de Cu. El Cu endógeno se elimina principalmente por bilis y secundariamente por leche y orina. Durante la gestación es importante la transferencia de Cu al feto. Los animales en crecimiento y las hembras gestantes poseen los mayores requerimientos. Los signos clínicos de la hipocuprosis son variados y de importancia productiva, incluyendo menores ganancias diarias de peso, menor resistencia a infecciones y trastornos reproductivos. Estos signos obedecen a daños bioquímicos que precedidos por disminuciones en la concentraciones hepáticas y plasmáticas de Cu, obedecen a una menor actividad enzimática. Estos cambios definen las etapas de la enfermedad y son empleados en el diagnóstico de la deficiencia. La hipocuprosis puede ser simple o condicionada por elevadas concentraciones de Mo, Fe o S en la dieta. Al tener incidencia geográfica, esta deficiencia puede ser caracterizada en una zona por la asociación suelo-planta-animal.In cattle Cu is absorbed in intestine, then is transported to liver, which transfer it by blood to tissues, where Cu is bound to Cu-dependent metalloenzymes. The most active excretion occur via the bilis, and small amount are excreted through urine and milk. During pregnancy take place an important transfer to fetus. Growing and pregnant animals have higher Cu requirements. Signs of Cu deficiency are varied and has productive consequences, including lower growth, immune and reproduction efficiency. These signs are due to biochemical damages, which are preceded by reduction of liver and plasma Cu concentrations and Cu enzyme activities, which can be used to identify the phases of Cu deficiency and therefore support the diagnosis. Hypocuprosis can occur as a single deficiency or conditioned by the presence of high dietary Mo, Fe or S concentrations. Copper deficiency has a geographical incidence and can be characterized into the affected area by the soil-plant-animal relationship.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Copper metabolism and deficiency in cattle

En el bovino el Cu se absorbe a nivel intestinal y es depositado en el hígado, desde donde se distribuye vía sanguínea hacia los tejidos, para ser incorporado a metaloenzimas dependientes de Cu. El Cu endógeno se elimina principalmente por bilis y secundariamente por leche y orina. Durante la gestación es importante la transferencia de Cu al feto. Los animales en crecimiento y las hembras gestantes poseen los mayores requerimientos. Los signos clínicos de la hipocuprosis son variados y de importancia productiva, incluyendo menores ganancias diarias de peso, menor resistencia a infecciones y trastornos reproductivos. Estos signos obedecen a daños bioquímicos que precedidos por disminuciones en la concentraciones hepáticas y plasmáticas de Cu, obedecen a una menor actividad enzimática. Estos cambios definen las etapas de la enfermedad y son empleados en el diagnóstico de la deficiencia. La hipocuprosis puede ser simple o condicionada por elevadas concentraciones de Mo, Fe o S en la dieta. Al tener incidencia geográfica, esta deficiencia puede ser caracterizada en una zona por la asociación suelo-planta-animal.In cattle Cu is absorbed in intestine, then is transported to liver, which transfer it by blood to tissues, where Cu is bound to Cu-dependent metalloenzymes. The most active excretion occur via the bilis, and small amount are excreted through urine and milk. During pregnancy take place an important transfer to fetus. Growing and pregnant animals have higher Cu requirements. Signs of Cu deficiency are varied and has productive consequences, including lower growth, immune and reproduction efficiency. These signs are due to biochemical damages, which are preceded by reduction of liver and plasma Cu concentrations and Cu enzyme activities, which can be used to identify the phases of Cu deficiency and therefore support the diagnosis. Hypocuprosis can occur as a single deficiency or conditioned by the presence of high dietary Mo, Fe or S concentrations. Copper deficiency has a geographical incidence and can be characterized into the affected area by the soil-plant-animal relationship.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Effect of Injectable Copper and Zinc Supplementation on Weight, Hematological Parameters, and Immune Response in Pre-weaning Beef Calves

Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) deficiency may cause poor weight gain, hematological changes, and immune failure in extensive beef cattle breeding systems. Diagnosis of the deficiency is based on plasma Cu and Zn concentrations; however, there are discrepancies regarding data interpretation. Here, plasma Cu and Zn concentrations are discussed as risk markers. We evaluated the effect of parenteral Cu and Zn supplementation on their plasma concentrations, weight gain, hematological parameters, and antibody titers to bovine herpes virus 1 (BoHV-1). Pre-weaning calves (n = 40; 99 ± 8 kg bw) from a typical breeding area of Argentina with background Cu and Zn deficiency were used. They were assigned to two homogeneous groups in a completely randomized design. Calves were subcutaneously injected with 0.3 mg/kg Cu and 1 mg/kg Zn (supplemented group), or saline solution (control), every 40 days during 120 days. Plasma Cu and Zn concentrations, hematological parameters, and weight were recorded. On days 40 and 80 of the trial, calves were vaccinated with inactivated BoHV-1. Antibody immune response was measured on days 80 and 120. Data were analyzed with a mixed model for repeated measures over time. Before treatment, plasma Cu was low and Zn was adequate in both groups. After treatment, plasma Cu increased and remained within a normal range, whereas plasma Zn remained constant. Supplemented animals had higher weight gain (p < 0.01); higher hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin levels (p < 0.05); and higher immune response to BoHV-1 (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that Cu and Zn supplementation improved daily weight gain and the immune response of pre-weaning calves.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Perinatal mortality in cattle associated with goitre

The role of iodine in ruminant reproductive function is well known. However, studies about the impact of this deficiency in reproductive performance of cattle are scarce. This paper describes stillbirth episodes in three beef cow herds in northwest Argentina. The stillbirth losses ranged between 15.8 and 25%. Grossly, the thyroid glands presented diffuse, bilateral and symmetric enlargement. Microscopically, follicular epithelium showed severe hyperplasia and hypertrophy, forming multiple stratified layers of large cuboidal cells, with papillary projections into the follicular lumen. Free thyroxine (T4f) mean levels in serum from aborted cows and heifers was 0.63±0.05 ng/dl. A diagnosis of congenital goiter was performed based on these findings. Following the diagnosis, the herds were supplemented orally and parentally with iodine. Mean T4f level post-treatment was 0.80±0.05 ng/dl and the stillbirth rate dropped sharply.Fil: Micheloud, Juan Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad Católica de Salta; ArgentinaFil: Olmos, Leandro Hipolito. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad Católica de Salta; ArgentinaFil: García, Juan Agustín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Mattioli, Guillermo Alberto. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Uzal, Francisco Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. University of California at Davis; Estados Unido

Renal cortex copper concentration in acute copper poisoning in calves

The aim of this study was to estimate the diagnostic value of renal cortex copper (Cu) concentration in clinical cases of acute copper poisoning (ACP). A total of 97 calves that died due to subcutaneous copper administration were compiled in eleven farms. At least, one necropsy was conducted on each farm and samples for complementary analysis were taken. The degree of autolysis in each necropsy was evaluated. The cases appeared on extensive grazing calf breeding and intensive feedlot farms, in calves of 60 to 200 kg body weight. Mortality varied from 0.86 to 6.96 %, on the farms studied. The first succumbed calf was found on the farms between 6 and 72 hours after the susbcutaneous Cu administration. As discrepancies regarding the reference value arose, the local value (19.9 parts per million) was used, confirming the diagnosis of acute copper poisoning in 93% of the analyzed kidney samples. These results confirm the value of analysis of the cortical kidney Cu concentration for the diagnosis of acute copper poisoning.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV