Alternative management practices on the quality of the soil and \'Hass\' avocado plants

A exploração indiscriminada do solo de áreas agricultáveis pode resultar no esgotamento de nutrientes e salinização, tornando-o inviável ao uso agrícola, em especial ao cultivo do abacateiro, que é altamente sensível ao estresse salino, com efeitos sobre seu metabolismo e desenvolvimento, limitando a produtividade. Nessas condições, faltam pesquisas sobre a adoção de manejos mais sustentáveis, que favoreçam a recuperação do solo e das plantas. Nesse sentido, este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos de aplicações ao solo de pó de rocha basáltica, biofertilizante e substâncias húmicas e fúlvicas em abacateiros \'Hass\' cultivados em casa-de-vegetação e em campo. O ensaio com mudas de abacateiros em vasos, foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação localizada no Departamento de Produção Vegetal da ESALQ/USP, em Piracicaba - SP, após a indução de estresse salino agudo e o de campo foi realizado em pomar comercial de oito anos de idade, localizado em propriedade particular no município de Araras - SP. Em ambos os ensaios foram avaliadas a qualidade biológica do solo, bem como seus efeitos sobre o desenvolvimento das plantas e raízes e no campo, foram acrescidas variáveis de qualidade química do solo e das folhas, estado hídrico e produção de frutos. O delineamento experimental adotado para ambos os experimentos foi em blocos casualizados, sendo o da casa de vegetação com quatro tratamentos e sete repetições de uma planta por parcela, perfazendo um total de 28 unidades experimentais e no campo, com sete tratamentos, cinco repetições de uma planta por parcela, totalizando 42 unidades experimentais. Os dados coletados foram submetidos a análise de variância pelos testes de Scott-Knott e Tukey, com nível de 5% de significância e agrupados em função das distâncias euclidianas utilizando análise de agrupamento hierárquico com padronização das variáveis. Em casa-de-vegetação, aplicações conjuntas ao solo de biofertilizante e ácidos húmicos e fúlvicos melhoraram sua qualidade biológica e resultaram na recuperação do crescimento aéreo e radicular de mudas de abacateiros \'Hass\', submetidas a estresse salino agudo, enquanto no campo, houve efeito positivo da aplicação combinada de biofertilizante, substâncias húmicas e fúlvicas e pó de rocha sobre o aumento da atividade enzimática, da variação do carbono da biomassa microbiana no solo e maior desenvolvimento do sistema radicular em abacateiros \'Hass\'. Há uma tendência de efeito positivo da aplicação isolada ou combinada de biofertilizante ao solo sobre o número de frutos, bem como do pó de rocha sobre o maior calibre dos mesmos.The indiscriminate exploration of the soil in arable areas might result in the depletion of nutrients and salinization, making it unfeasible for agricultural use, especially for the cultivation of the avocado tree, which is highly sensitive to salt stress, with effects on its metabolism and development, limiting productivity. In these conditions, there is a lack of research on the adoption of more sustainable managements, which favor the recovery of soil and plants. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of applications of basalt rock powder, biofertilizers and humic and fulvic substances to the soil of \'Hass\' avocado trees grown in greenhouse and in the field. The trial with avocado seedlings in pots was conducted in a greenhouse located in the Department of Plant Production from ESALQ/USP, in Piracicaba - SP, after the induction of acute salt stress, and the field trial was performed in an eight-year-old commercial orchard, located in a private property in the municipality of Araras - SP. In both tests, the biological quality of the soil was evaluated, as well as its effects on the development of plants and roots, and in the field, variables of chemical quality of the soil and leaves, water status and fruit production were added. The experimental design adopted for both experiments was of randomized blocks, with the trial in greenhouse comprising 4 treatments and 7 repetitions of one plant per plot, making a total of 28 experimental units, and the field trial being conducted with 7 treatments and 5 repetitions of one plant per plot, totaling 42 experimental units. The collected data were subjected to analysis of variance by the tests of Scott & Knott and Tukey with a 5% significance level, and they were grouped as a function of the Euclidean distances using hierarchical cluster analysis with standardization of the variables. In the greenhouse, joint applications of biofertilizers and humic and fulvic acids to the soil improved its biological quality and resulted in the recovery of the aerial and root growth in \'Hass\' avocado trees, subjected to acute saline stress, whereas in the field, there was a positive effect of the combined application of biofertilizer, humic and fulvic substances and rock powder on the increase in enzymatic activity and the variation of the carbon in the soil microbial biomass and higher development of the root system in \'Hass\' avocado trees. There is a trend for a positive effect, on the number of fruit, of the individual or combined application of biofertilizer in the soil, as well as of the rock powder on their higher caliber

Plant biometrics of malay, rose and water apple

Abstract Due to the lack of studies comparing Syzygium malaccensis(L) Meer e Perry, Syzygium aqueum Burm.f. and Syzygium jambos (L) Alston Syzygium in relation to the botanical genus Sygygium regarding the physical characteristics, the present research was conducted, aiming at biometrically characterizing each of the three species, as well as comparing them. The fruits were collected from the São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal. Syzygium plants were used for the evaluation of: fruit and seed masses (g); width and length of leaves (cm) and of seeds (cm); percentage of fruit pulp; length of leaf petiole (cm); and leaf area (cm2). Fifty fruits, leaves and seeds of each species were used, with 5 replicates of 10 samples each and the data were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis and organized into frequency tables. For comparative purposes among the species, a blocks randomized design was adopted, being analyzed by the Tukey Test at 5% of probability. The malay and water apple present fruits with high yield of pulp. The fruit of the malay apple are light, with narrow diameter, medium length, broad seeds, narrow and small leaves, with small leaf area. The rose apple fruit present medium mass, width and length, with broad seeds, narrow leaves, medium length and small leaf area. The water apple fruit are light, broad, long, without seeds, with broad leaves, long and having medium leaf area. Comparing the three species of Syzygium studied, it can be concluded that the fruit of malay apple are the largest, but the highest percentage of pulp is found in the fruit of the water apple, due to the absence of seeds

Not purely academic! Supporting teachers and researchers in psychology

The Division of Teachers and Researchers in Psychology (DTRiP) was established in 2007 in order to represent the views of psychology teachers and researchers within the Psychological Society of Ireland (PSI) and to continue the work of the Teachers of Psychology Interest Group (TPG), which was active within the PSI in the 1980s. The activities of the Division reflect the objectives set out in the Division rules: to promote best practice in teaching and research in psychology; to provide a forum for the sharing of psychological knowledge and expertise; to promote and maintain high ethical and professional standards; to promote and encourage scientific research as it applies to teaching and learning and to promote the use of scientific methods in research; and to liaise with relevant bodies in the promotion of the Division goals. In the current paper, we outline some of the ways in which the Division has contributed to the Society’s functions since its foundation, and we consider issues of relevance to the future development of the Division

ADVANCES IN THE PROPAGATION OF RAMBUTAN TREE

ABSTRACT The reality of Brazilian fruit farming is demonstrating increasing demand for sustainable information about native and exotic fruit, which can diversify and elevate the efficiency of fruit exploitation. Research on propagation of fruits tree is very important so that it can provide a protocol for suitable multiplication of this fruitful. Due to the great genetic diversity of rambutan plants, it is recommended the use of vegetative propagated plants. This research aimed to evaluate the propagation of rambutan by cuttings, layering and grafting, as well as seed germination and viability without storage. The results of this research indicate that this species can be successfully propagated by layering, grafting and seeds. We also observed that the germination percentage of seeds kept inside the fruits for six days were not influenced by the different substrates used in this experiment

Propagação de variedades de caramboleira por estaquia herbácea

Aiming to evaluate the propagation of three varieties of star fruit by cutting in function of the dose of growth regulator (indolbutiric acid - IBA) used in the treatment of cuttings, this research was realized. Were used apical herbaceous cuttings, being the experiment conducted in intermittent mist chamber, located in lathouse conditions (50% brightness). The cuttings of the varieties B10, Hart and Golden Star received the IBA treatment at doses 100, 200 and 400 mg L-1 (slow immersion) and doses in 1,000, 3,000 and 5000 mg.L-1 (rapid immersion) more control treatment (0 mg L-1 IBA). The evaluations, 90 days after the cutting, were about: percentages of survival, callus and rooting, average number of roots per cutting and mean root length (cm). The experimental design was completely randomized with four replicates per treatment and 10 cuttings in each one, in factorial 3x7 (varieties x IBA). For purposes of analysis, percentage data were transformed into arcsin and subjected to analysis of variance and the means by Tukey test at 5% of probability. By the results obtained in this research, there is no need for treatment the cutting of star fruit with growth regulator (IBA). The variety Golden Star showed the best results, followed by Hart and B10.Realizou-se o presente trabalho objetivando avaliar a propagação de três variedades de caramboleira por estaquia em função da dose de regulador de crescimento (ácido indolbutírico - AIB), empregada no tratamento das estacas. Foram utilizadas estacas herbáceas apicais, sendo o experimento conduzido em câmara de nebulização intermitente, localizada em condições de ripado (50% de luminosidade). As estacas das variedades B10, Hart e Golden Star receberam o tratamento com AIB, nas doses de 100; 200 e 400 mg.L-1 (imersäo lenta) e nas doses de 1.000, 3.000 e 5.000 mg.L-1 (imersäo rápida), mais tratamento-testemunha (0 mg.L-1 de AIB). As avaliações, 90 dias após a estaquia, foram quanto: porcentagens de sobrevivência, calejamento e enraizamento; número médio de raízes por estaca e comprimento médio das raízes (cm). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições por tratamento, compostas por 10 estacas, analisado em fatorial 3 x 7 (variedades x AIB). Conforme resultados obtidos neste trabalho, näo há necessidade do tratamento das estacas de caramboleira com regulador de crescimento (AIB). A variedade Golden Star mostrou melhores resultados, seguida pela Hart e B10.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES