High connectivity of the Crocodile Shark between the Atlantic and Southwest Indian Oceans: highlights for conservation

Among the various shark species that are captured as bycatch in commercial fishing operations, the group of pelagic sharks is still one of the least studied and known. Within those, the crocodile shark, Pseudocarcharias kamoharai, a small-sized lamnid shark, is occasionally caught by longline vessels in certain regions of the tropical oceans worldwide. However, the population dynamics of this species, as well as the impact of fishing mortality on its stocks, are still unknown, with the crocodile shark currently one of the least studied of all pelagic sharks. Given this, the present study aimed to assess the population structure of P. kamoharai in several regions of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans using genetic molecular markers. The nucleotide composition of the mitochondrial DNA control region of 255 individuals was analyzed, and 31 haplotypes were found, with an estimated diversity Hd = 0.627, and a nucleotide diversity pi = 0.00167. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed a fixation index phi(ST) = -0.01118, representing an absence of population structure among the sampled regions of the Atlantic Ocean, and between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. These results show a high degree of gene flow between the studied areas, with a single genetic stock and reduced population variability. In panmictic populations, conservation efforts can be concentrated in more restricted areas, being these representative of the total biodiversity of the species. When necessary, this strategy could be applied to the genetic maintenance of P. kamoharai.Foundation for Research Support of the Sao Paulo State - FAPESP [2011/23787-0, 2010/51903-2]; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) [SFRH/BPD/93936/2013]; Foundation for Research Support of the Sao Paulo State - FAPESP [2011/23787-0, 2010/51903-2]; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) [SFRH/BPD/93936/2013]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Qualidade parasitológica e condições higiênico-sanitárias de hortaliças comercializadas na cidade de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil Parasitological quality and hygienic-sanitary conditions of vegetables sold in the city of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil

Embora as hortaliças sejam amplamente comercializadas e consumidas no Brasil, o consumo de verduras cruas constitui importante meio de transmissão de parasitas intestinais. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a presença de formas transmissíveis de três tipos de hortaliças (rúcula, agrião e alface-crespa) comercializadas em cinco principais pontos de venda aos consumidores (dois supermercados, dois "sacolões" e em uma feira livre), na cidade de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil, no período de junho 2003 a maio 2004. As hortaliças in natura foram lavadas com água e esta foi submetida ao método de sedimentação, durante um período de 24 horas. Concomitante à pesquisa laboratorial, foram avaliadas as condições de cultivo e manipulação de diferentes produtores agrícolas, os quais forneciam as hortaliças que eram posteriormente comercializadas em Florianópolis. A análise parasitológica mostrou alta freqüência de parasitas intestinais na maioria das amostras analisadas (40% a 76%). Entre os fatores envolvidos na contaminação das verduras, destacaram-se a origem das águas de irrigação, o acondicionamento, o transporte e a manipulação destas durante a coleta. Conclui-se que as hortaliças comercializadas nesta região têm relevante papel na transmissão de enfermidades intestinais, havendo necessidade de medidas específicas que evitem a contaminação desses vegetais.<br>Although vegetables are widely sold and consumed in Brazil, the ingestion of raw vegetables is an important way of transmission of intestinal parasites. In this study, the presence of transmissible forms of intestinal parasites in three vegetable species commercially available in five very busy locations (two supermarkets, two "kilo markets" and a street market) located in the city of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, within the period between June 2003 and May 2004 was evaluated. The in natura vegetables were washed with water and the washing water was submitted to the spontaneous sedimentation method for a period of 24 hours. Concomitantly to the laboratory research, the conditions of cultivation and manipulation of the producers of the vegetables sold in Florianópolis were evaluated. The parasitologic analysis confirmed the presence of intestinal parasites in most of the vegetables analyzed (40% to 76%). Among the factors involved in the contamination of vegetables, the origin of the water used for irrigation, storage and transportation of vegetables and the degree of manipulation during the sampling process can be included. From the results, it can be concluded that vegetables sold in the investigated region play an important role in the transmission of intestinal diseases, and, therefore, specific measures should to be taken in order to avoid the contamination of these vegetables