Spain, the new people´s melting pot? signs of the feminization in the migration process

: La finalidad de este trabajo es comprender, matizar y explicar el proceso migratorio de los ciudadanos argentinos a la Península Ibérica durante las dos últimas décadas del siglo XX y la primera del siglo XXI, atendiendo especialmente al papel desempeñado por la mujer en dicho proceso. Para lograrlo, se parte de una necesaria caracterización y definición de los diversos colectivos de inmigrantes latinoamericanos desde el modelo de análisis argentino. De este modo, se busca establecer y analizar los comportamientos culturales de los inmigrantes argentinos en función de la sociedad receptora y su adaptación a las normas y prácticas consuetudinarias. La presencia femenina se manifiesta como eje de organización, control y promoción de una sociedad emergente.The purpose of this paper is to understand, refine and explain the migration of Argentine citizens to the Iberian Peninsula during the last two decades of the twentieth century and the first century, with particular attention to women's role in this process. To achieve this, part of a necessary characterization and definition of the various immigrant groups from Latin America Argentina analysis model. Thus, we seek to establish and analyze the cultural behavior of Argentine immigrants depending on the host society and its adaptation to the norms and practices. The female presence is manifested as the axis of organization, control and promotion of an emerging societ

Effect of environmental factors on the abundance variations of two native rodents in agricultural systems of Buenos Aires, Argentina

Our aim was to assess the effect of environmental factors on short temporal abundance variations of the two most abundant native rodents of agricultural agroecosystems, Akodon azarae and Calomys laucha. We conducted a 3-year longitudinal sampling of rodents, and recorded meteorological data such as temperature and precipitation, predation rate by Leopardus geoffroyi, Tyto furcata and Athene cunicularia, vegetation cover and height, characteristics of cropfields and their borders. The effect of these factors on rodent abundance was evaluated through generalized linear mixed models. Abundance variations of both rodent species were explained by characteristics of both cropfields and their borders. At the studied temporal scale, meteorological variables did not have a direct effect on abundance variations, but probably influenced through vegetation characteristics and were expressed in seasonal variations. For A. azarae there was also an effect of predation by L. geoffroyi (positive) and T. furcata (negative), while predation by A. cunicularia did not contribute to explain abundance variations of any species.Fil: Guidobono, Juan Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Cueto, Gerardo Ruben. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Teta, Pablo Vicente. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; ArgentinaFil: Busch, Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentin

Legitimidad e ilegitimidad en los nacimientos de blancos rioplatenses: indicador de aceptación a las normas socio-culturales de la Iglesia y el Estado

It is well known that illegitimate births in Latin America were a constant throughout their societies both urban and rural, and which was submitted in both castes and among the white population but with differences in sociocultural levels. The River Plate did not escape this permissive behaviour of its inhabitants, however, the region under consideration, the payment of the Coast, shows some peculiarities. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the rate of births or Spanish targets in the payment of the Coast between 1731 and 1757, whereas the proportion of legitimacy to establish variables that lead to knowledge of the socio-cultural behaviour of that core population. Analyze family structures in the light of increased birth through legitimate and illegitimate births, as well as reach some interpret patterns of sexuality that pampeana confluent or not in marriage and the constitution of a family, constitute the fundamental interest this work. The illegitimate births are more a social phenomenon that demographic. Indeed, statistics on illegitimacy are critical to understand the collective attitudes about marriage and sexual morality, and translate the importance of pressure from the Church. Legal constraints and social marriages of different ethnic background or economic constituted the main cause of the percentage of children exposed to natural or public charity. In Latin America, from the Conquest, the complex process of evangelization and the imposition of Catholic marriage took place on a very heterogeneous culture. Different patterns ethno-cultural patterns differently relations between men and women, and of course, also the way they conceived marriage and the family. In this context, where the white population Spanish-and Creole-dominated pattern family is very close to Europe, late age at marriage, few children and a minimum level of illegitimacy in births. A model similar to this took place among the mestizo population, perhaps because of their interest resemble the population still in their cultural behaviours. It is therefore not surprising to note in the payment of the Coast a model closer to the European family, especially if records of white and mestizo population in question. The high levels of illegitimacy, which tended to grow over time to become more evident in the first third of the nineteenth century, were associated with companies having a population of caste and color.Es bien conocido que en Hispanoamérica los nacimientos ilegítimos fueron una constante en todas sus sociedades tanto urbanas como rurales, y que se presentó tanto en las castas como entre la población blanca aunque con diferencias en los niveles socioculturales. El Río de la Plata no escapó a ese comportamiento permisivo de sus habitantes, a pesar de ello, la región en estudio, el Pago de la Costa, muestra ciertas particularidades. El objeto de este trabajo es analizar el ritmo de nacimientos de españoles o blancos en el Pago de la Costa entre 1731 y 1757, considerando la proporción de legitimidad con el propósito de establecer variables que conduzcan al conocimiento de las conductas socioculturales de dicho núcleo poblacional. Analizar las estructuras familiares a la luz del aumento de la natalidad a través de nacimientos legítimos e ilegítimos, así como llegar a interpretar algunas pautas de la sexualidad pampeana que confluían o no en el matrimonio y en la constitución de una familia, constituyen el interés fundamental de este trabajo. Los nacimientos ilegítimos constituyen más un fenómeno social que demográfico. En efecto, las estadísticas sobre ilegitimidad son fundamentales para comprender las actitudes colectivas sobre el matrimonio y la moral sexual, y traducen la importancia de la presión de la Iglesia. Las limitaciones legales y sociales a casamientos de diferente extracción étnica o económica constituían la principal causa del porcentaje de hijos naturales o expuestos a la caridad pública. En Hispanoamérica, desde la Conquista, el complejo proceso de evangelización y la imposición del matrimonio católico se llevó a cabo sobre una muy heterogé- nea cultura. Los diferentes patrones etno-culturales pautaban de forma distinta las relaciones entre hombres y mujeres, y por supuesto, también el modo en que concebían el matrimonio y la familia. En este contexto, allí donde la población blanca —española y criolla— predominaba el patrón familiar se acercaba mucho al europeo, edad tardía al matrimonio, reducido número de hijos y mínimo nivel de ilegitimidad en los nacimientos. Un modelo semejante a éste tuvo lugar entre la población mestiza, tal vez por su interés de asemejarse a la población blanca aún en sus comportamientos culturales. Por ello no es extraño observar en el pago de la Costa un modelo familiar cercano al europeo, en especial si de registros de población de blanca y mestiza se trata. Los altos niveles de ilegitimidad, que tendieron a crecer con el correr del tiempo para hacerse más evidente en el primer tercio del siglo XIX, se vieron asociados a sociedades con población de castas y de colo

Between historical demography and population history. Social history: the importance of family.

Se considera imprescindible definir los campos de la historia, con el objeto de facilitar al investigador, por un lado, la delimitación de sus investigaciones, y al lector, por otro, el marco metodológico y teórico del trabajo que analiza. Es preciso diferenciar los ámbitos de acción de la demografía histórica y de la historia de la población como disciplinas afines y complementarias. Al mismo tiempo se pretende reivindicar las investigaciones de ámbito regional, diferenciándolas de los trabajos de microhistoria, cuyo valor resulta incalculable. Los aportes desde una escala local posibilitan los estudios comparados de varias zonas y el establecimiento de constantes y diferencias, sumamente útiles en el terreno de las investigaciones científicas.It is essential to define the fields of history, in order to provide the researcher, on the one hand, the delimitation of its investigations, and the reader, on the other, the methodological and theoretical work analyzed. It is necessary to differentiate the action areas of historical demography and population history as related and complementary disciplines. At the same time seeks to claim the regional research, differentiating them from the work of microhistory, whose value is incalculable. Contributions from local scale enable comparative studies of various areas and the establishment of consistent and differences, extremely useful in the field of scientific research

Study of Residual Stresses from Two Machining Protocols Using an Indentation Method

Although high-speed machining offers a number of advantages over conventional machining, it is possible that the residual stress distributions generated by the former can affect the service life of the processed components. In this paper, a newly developed micro-indent method is used to evaluate different residual stress states, which were introduced in samples of AA 7075-T6 aluminum alloy milled at low and high-speed. Different surfaces were generated by varying the cutting speed in one order of magnitude, from 100 m/min to 1000 m/min. Two machining protocols, which consist of using different machine tools, were evaluated. The results show that it is possible to generate and to evaluate very small residual stresses. Finally, the values and levels obtained for normal components were analyzed in function of mechanical and thermal effects that generated the residual stresses.Fil: Diaz, Felipe Victor. Universidad Catolica de Santiago del Estero. Departamento Academico de Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Mammana, Claudio A.. Universidad Catolica de Santiago del Estero. Departamento Academico de Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Guidobono, Armando P.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Industrial; Argentin

Evaluation of Residual Stresses Induced by High Speed Milling Using an Indentation Method

In this work, a recently developed method based on the change of distance between collinear indents is used to evaluate different states of residual stress, which were generated in samples of AA 6082-T6 and AA 7075-T6 aluminium alloys milled at high speed. One of the advantages of this method, which needs a universal measuring machine, is not requiring neither the use of specific equipment nor highly skilled operators. Also, by integrating an indentation device to the mentioned machine, the absolute error of measurement can be reduced. In results obtained in samples subjected to different cutting conditions it is observed a correlation between the stress values and the depth of cut, showing the AA 6082-T6 alloy higher susceptibility to be stressed. Furthermore, the high sensitivity of the method allowed detecting very small differences in the values reached by different normal components in the zones corresponding to climb and conventional cutting. It is important to note that these differences were similar for both evaluated alloys. Finally, the directions associated with the principal components of residual stress, where maximum local plastic stretching occurs, were found to be strongly dependent on the rolling direction prior to machining.Fil: Diaz, Felipe Victor. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Mammana, Claudio Alejandro. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Guidobono, Armando. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial; Argentin

Effects of two different rearing systems (organic and barn) on production performance, animal welfare traits and egg quality characteristics in laying hens

Alternative housing systems for hen eggs production represents clear evidence of the trend in animal housing and husbandry towards extensive rearing methods. Consumer demand is oriented towards healthy foods controlled not only under a safety point of view, but also under a welfare assessment of the animals' living conditions. Among the different alternative systems deep litter and organic production in recent years have been improved in Italy. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether different housing systems (barn B and organic O) for laying hens may influence productive performance, fear responses and egg quality characteristics. A total of 4,745 birds were housed in the B system and 2,016 in the O system, both of which were commercial facilities. In each system the same strain (Hy-Line Brown) was housed and layer performance, external and internal egg characteristics, mortality and feed consumption were recorded weekly. Animal reactivity was recorded monthly with the approaching test. Moreover, the Tonic Immobility test was conducted at 70 weeks of age; feather and foot pad conditions were also investigated at the same time. The peak of laying was reached in both housing systems at 25 weeks of age and was higher in organic hens (94.5%) than in barn hens (93.0%). Feed conversion rate during the overall laying period was 2.36 vs 2.20, respectively, in O and B housing systems. There was a significant difference concerning the eggs classified as very dirty, dirty and cracked between the two systems. The dirty eggs were higher in O system probably due to laying eggs in a free range area, while the higher number of cracked eggs in B system may be due to a significantly less shell thickness in this system. Egg weight increased with layer age in both housing systems. Animals reared in O system showed less fearfulness than in B emphasised by the approaching and Tonic Immobility test results. Feather scoring did not evidence any severe plumage damage; statistical analysis showed some significant differences in comb and back areas between O and B systems. The hens reared on litter showed more aggressive pecking than the organic hens probably due to difference both in light intensity and in density

Políticas de Desarrollo Territorial y Creatividad Urbana. Metodología de lectura del territorio para la construcción de una visión hacia un desarrollo local creativo.

The research is aimed at studying and identifying the different processes for the development of disadvantaged areas, in terms of economy and production and due to distance from the major centers of development, starting with the introduction of new concepts and integrated visions. The result of this research is the definition of a reading methodology of the territory that can identify the future vision aims to creative local development. The territory policies, derived from the identification of local potentiality and their correct use, allows growth focused on solid and lasting actions. Sustainable development is an endogenous process which depends on the ability of the territory to transform a burst of growth in concrete actions to achieve it. In this context, it is possible to combine the intangible resources, such as governance, culture and social organization, to facilitate the emergence of agreements between the actors involved and to obtain legitimacy and acknowledgement of these processes. Ladder of this analysis is the urban dimension where are concentrate the majority of social problems and the opportunities to resolve them. Indeed the research is addressed to those cities that have the ability to create the conditions of government, technology and infrastructure needed to produce social innovation and to solve problems related to growth, integration and quality of life through processes of inclusion and awareness of the different actors: citizens, businesses and associations. These cities are considered smart cities. The current crisis is not only limited to the happening processes but it also refers to the models and methodologies apply until nowadays. However, currently there is a growing movement that argues that the city can be intelligent in a different way: by investing in innovation. The innovation is normally associated with the creation of sophisticated processes, but is also represented by the simple process improvement in order to achieve results in less time, with higher quality, lower cost and so on. To achieve innovation (social and urban) that is relied by this movement the basis must be the "creativity". In this context, "creativity and innovation" are presented as possible solutions to the need widely recognized of a paradigm shift for the territories. Creativity is the ability and opportunity to test innovative tools that allow to create development processes; Innovation is defined as the consciousness and the ability to realize the ideas, leading them to material achievements; Social Innovation is aimed at promoting an integrated society and processes of collective intelligence, Territorial Intelligence is aimed at transform the individuals intelligence and skills into collectives expertise for the integration of new practices to support the development; finally the Creative City is the scale of intervention and the new paradigm for development, to built a future vision and apply innovative tools in the planning process of the city starting from urban creativity. Being creative develop is not just making a good architectural design but it means finding a new way to solve a problem, regardless of its nature. However, not all territories are prepared to deal with the processes of openness and change, or to assume these new paradigms. An example is represented by Latin American cities, where local and regional authorities are called (and almost mandatory) to face new challenges, including the creation or strengthening their ability to compete and to transform the local production systems. These two aspects must be connected to the local policies. The proposal for a methodology of reading the territory arise from the need to determine how creativity, innovation and territorial policies can be integrated in a positive way towards the definition of strategies that stimulate positive processes in the cities and that will lead not only to economic growth but also to an environmental quality of life increase for the entire community. The definition of such strategies must be based on the construction of a vision for the territories that can be used as a guideline for the future. Innovation, city, creativity, society, community, development, sustainability, intelligence are all concepts that interact, generating new fields of action and leading to recognize the need to rethink, re-think of the city as an environment for primordial development of man, re-thinking development, its consequences and its feasibility, and especially re-think society, community and the relationships that are generated