749 research outputs found
The role of triplet excitons in enhancing polymer solar cell efficiency: a photo-induced absorption study
Inclusion of heavy metal atoms in a polymer backbone allows transitions
between the singlet and triplet manifolds. Interfacial dissociation of triplet
excitons constitutes a viable mechanism for enhancing photovoltaic (PV)
efficiencies in polymer heterojunction-based solar cells. The PV efficiency
from polymer solar cells utilizing a ladder-type poly (para-phenylene) polymer
(PhLPPP) with trace quantity of Pd atoms and a fullerene derivative (PCBM) is
much higher than its counterpart (MeLPPP) with no Pd atom. Evidence is
presented for the formation of a weak ground-state charge-transfer complex
(CTC) in the blended films of the polymer and PCBM, using photo-induced
absorption (PIA) spectroscopy. The CTC state in MeLPPP:PCBM has a singlet
character to it, resulting in a radiative recombination. In contrast, the CTC
states in PhLPPP:PCBM are more localized with a triplet character. An
absorption peak at 1.65 eV is observed in PhLPPP:PCBM blend in the PIA, which
may be converted to weakly-bound polaron-pairs, contributing to the enhancement
of PV efficiency.Comment: 19 pages, 11 figure
Regular and Singular Pulse and Front Solutions and Possible Isochronous Behavior in the Short-Pulse Equation: Phase-Plane, Multi-Infinite Series and Variational Approaches
In this paper we employ three recent analytical approaches to investigate the
possible classes of traveling wave solutions of some members of a family of
so-called short-pulse equations (SPE). A recent, novel application of
phase-plane analysis is first employed to show the existence of breaking kink
wave solutions in certain parameter regimes. Secondly, smooth traveling waves
are derived using a recent technique to derive convergent multi-infinite series
solutions for the homoclinic (heteroclinic) orbits of the traveling-wave
equations for the SPE equation, as well as for its generalized version with
arbitrary coefficients. These correspond to pulse (kink or shock) solutions
respectively of the original PDEs.
Unlike the majority of unaccelerated convergent series, high accuracy is
attained with relatively few terms. And finally, variational methods are
employed to generate families of both regular and embedded solitary wave
solutions for the SPE PDE. The technique for obtaining the embedded solitons
incorporates several recent generalizations of the usual variational technique
and it is thus topical in itself. One unusual feature of the solitary waves
derived here is that we are able to obtain them in analytical form (within the
assumed ansatz for the trial functions). Thus, a direct error analysis is
performed, showing the accuracy of the resulting solitary waves. Given the
importance of solitary wave solutions in wave dynamics and information
propagation in nonlinear PDEs, as well as the fact that not much is known about
solutions of the family of generalized SPE equations considered here, the
results obtained are both new and timely.Comment: accepted for publication in Communications in Nonlinear Science and
Numerical Simulatio
Preparation Of Perovskite Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)03 Using Pb3Nb208 And MgO
The synthesis of perovskite Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 from an equimolar mixture of Pb3Nb208 and MgO was studied by solid‐state reaction techniques. An addition of 1 wt% excess MgO to the stoichiometric composition enhances the formation of the cubic perovskite phase. The absence of free PbO in the initial starting materials minimizes the volatilization loss during firing, thereby reducing the possibility of any compositional change and resulting in a substantial improvement of the perovskite phase purity over the conventional mixed‐oxide processing. Copyright © 1986, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserve
Reaction During Sintering Of Barium Titanate With Lithium Fluoride
The reactions occurring during sintering of stoichiometric BaTiO3 with small additions of LiF were studied at temperatures between 700° and 900°C. BaTiO3 reacts with LiF to form a cubic solid solution and Li2TiO3 During sintering, the cubic solid solution coexists with Li2Ti03 and forms a liquid phase at 740°± 5°C. The occurrence of a liquid phase at this temperature results in an enhancement of the sintering process and leads to the development of a highly dense microstructure. Copyright © 1986, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserve
Polyfluorene as a model system for space-charge-limited conduction
Ethyl-hexyl substituted polyfluorene (PF) with its high level of molecular
disorder can be described very well by one-carrier space-charge-limited
conduction for a discrete set of trap levels with energy 0.5 eV above
the valence band edge. Sweeping the bias above the trap-filling limit in the
as-is polymer generates a new set of exponential traps, which is clearly seen
in the density of states calculations. The trapped charges in the new set of
traps have very long lifetimes and can be detrapped by photoexcitation. Thermal
cycling the PF film to a crystalline phase prevents creation of additional
traps at higher voltages.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures. Physical Review B (accepted, 2007
Temperature dependent photoluminescence of organic semiconductors with varying backbone conformation
We present photoluminescence studies as a function of temperature from a
series of conjugated polymers and a conjugated molecule with distinctly
different backbone conformations. The organic materials investigated here are:
planar methylated ladder type poly para-phenylene, semi-planar polyfluorene,
and non-planar para hexaphenyl. In the longer-chain polymers the
photoluminescence transition energies blue shift with increasing temperatures.
The conjugated molecules, on the other hand, red shift their transition
energies with increasing temperatures. Empirical models that explain the
temperature dependence of the band gap energies in inorganic semiconductors can
be extended to explain the temperature dependence of the transition energies in
conjugated molecules.Comment: 8 pages, 9 figure
Approximation Algorithms for Connected Maximum Cut and Related Problems
An instance of the Connected Maximum Cut problem consists of an undirected
graph G = (V, E) and the goal is to find a subset of vertices S V
that maximizes the number of edges in the cut \delta(S) such that the induced
graph G[S] is connected. We present the first non-trivial \Omega(1/log n)
approximation algorithm for the connected maximum cut problem in general graphs
using novel techniques. We then extend our algorithm to an edge weighted case
and obtain a poly-logarithmic approximation algorithm. Interestingly, in stark
contrast to the classical max-cut problem, we show that the connected maximum
cut problem remains NP-hard even on unweighted, planar graphs. On the positive
side, we obtain a polynomial time approximation scheme for the connected
maximum cut problem on planar graphs and more generally on graphs with bounded
genus.Comment: 17 pages, Conference version to appear in ESA 201
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