111 research outputs found

    Photografted methacrylate-based monolithic columns coated with cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) for chiral separation in CEC

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    A chiral capillary monolithic column for enantiomer separation in capillary electrochromatography was prepared by coating cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) on porous glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate monolith in capillary format grafted with chains of [2(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride. The surface modification of the monolith by the photografting of [2(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride monomer as well as the coating conditions of cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) onto the grafted monolithic scaffold were optimized to obtain a stable and reproducible chiral stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography. The effect of organic modifier (acetonitrile) in aqueous mobile phase for the enantiomer separation by capillary electrochromatography was also investigated. Several pairs of enantiomers including acidic, neutral, and basic analytes were tested and most of them were partially or completely resolved under aqueous mobile phases. The prepared monolithic chiral stationary phases exhibited a good stability, repeatability, and column-to-column reproducibility, with relative standard deviations below 11% in the studied electrochromatographic parameters.Fil: Echevarria, Romina Noel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; ArgentinaFil: Carrasco Correa, Enrique Javier. Universidad de Valencia; EspañaFil: Keunchkarian, Sonia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; ArgentinaFil: Reta, Mario Roberto. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Herrero Martinez, José Manuel. Universidad de Valencia; Españ

    A Fly-Through Mission Strategy Targeting Peptide as a Signature of Chemical Evolution and Possible Life in Enceladus Plumes

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    In situ detection of organic molecules in the extraterrestrial environment provides a key step towards better understanding the variety and the distribution of building blocks of life and it may ultimately lead to finding extraterrestrial life within the Solar System. Here we present combined results of two separate experiments that enable us to realize such in situ life signature detection from the deep habitats of the "Ocean World": a hydrothermal reactor experiment simulating complex organic synthesis and a simulated fly-through capture experiment of organic-bearing microparticles using silica aerogels, followed by subsequent analysis. Both experiments employ peptide as a plausible organics existing in Encleadus plume particles produced in its subsurface ocean. Recent laboratory hydrothermal experiments and a theoretical model on silica saturation indicated an on going hydrothermal reactions in subsurface Enceladus ocean. Given the porous chondritic origin of the core, it is likely that organic compounds originated by radiation chemistry such as amino acid precursors could have been provided, leached, and altered through widespread water-rock interactions. By using the same laboratory experimental setup from the latest water-rock interaction study, we performed amino acid polymerization experiments for 144 days and monitored the organic complexity changing over time. So far over 3,000 peaks up to the size of greater than 600 MW were observed through the analysis of capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOF-MS) with an indication of amino acid derivatives and short peptides. Generally abiotic polymerization of enantiomeric amino acids results in forming stereoisomeric peptides with identical molecular weight and formula as opposed to homochiral biopolymers. Assuming Enceladus plume particles may contain a mixture of stereoisomeric peptides, we were able to distinguish 16 of the 17 stereoisomeric tripeptides as a test sample using capillary electrophoresis (CE) under optimized conditions. We further conducted Enceladus plume fly-through capture experiment by accelerating peptides soaked in rock particles up to a speed of 5.7 km/s and capturing with originally developed hydrophobic silica aerogels. Direct peptide extraction with acetonitrile-water followed by CE analysis led to detection of only but two stereoisomeric acidic peptide peaks, presenting the first run-through hypervelocuty impact sample analysis targeting peptides as key molecule to to understand the ongoing astrobiology on Enceladus

    SynthĂšse de nouvelles phases monolithes versatiles Ă  base de N-acryloxysuccinimide pour l'Ă©lectrochromatographie

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    L’intĂ©rĂȘt grandissant portĂ© au cours de ces dix derniĂšres annĂ©es aux monolithes organiques pour des applications Ă©lectrosĂ©paratives se justifie en partie par leur prĂ©paration aisĂ©e au sein de systĂšmes miniaturisĂ©s, le large choix des monomĂšres prĂ©curseurs disponibles, ainsi que la possibilitĂ© d’ajuster les paramĂštres structuraux du matĂ©riau final par un contrĂŽle judicieux des conditions opĂ©ratoires. Au cours de ce travail, la synthĂšse de nouvelles phases monolithiques a Ă©tĂ© mise au point selon une stratĂ©gie en deux Ă©tapes. Dans une premiĂšre Ă©tape, la copolymĂ©risation radicalaire photo-initiĂ©e du Nacryloxysuccinimide avec le dimĂ©thacrylate d’éthylĂšne glycol rĂ©alisĂ©e en prĂ©sence de toluĂšne, a permis l’élaboration de monolithes macroporeux rĂ©actifs et hautement permĂ©ables. La prĂ©sence d’esters de succinimide dans la structure chimique du monolithe polymĂšre a Ă©tĂ© mise Ă  profit pour fonctionnaliser la surface du monolithe par des greffons de nature variĂ©e par rĂ©action de substitution nuclĂ©ophile faisant intervenir des dĂ©rivĂ©s aminĂ©s. Le choix judicieux des greffons a permis la mise au point rapide de phases stationnaires prĂ©sentant des propriĂ©tĂ©s Ă©lectrochromatographiques ciblĂ©es. Ainsi, le contrĂŽle du caractĂšre hydrophobe des supports obtenus par greffage d’alkylamines de taille variable a Ă©tĂ© mis en Ă©vidence par la sĂ©paration de dĂ©rivĂ©s benzĂ©niques selon un mĂ©canisme Ă  polaritĂ© de phase inversĂ©e avec de trĂšs bonnes efficacitĂ©s (200000 plateaux par mĂštre). L’utilisation de phases stationnaires monolithiques greffĂ©es par des sĂ©lecteurs aromatiques a Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©e comme alternative aux monolithes aliphatiques hydrophobes. La synthĂšse de monolithes organiques hydrophiles a Ă©tĂ© possible par la fonctionnalisation du support rĂ©actif par des alkyldiamines. La prĂ©paration d’une phase stationnaire chirale a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e selon une approche originale de chimie click consistant Ă  immobiliser un dĂ©rivĂ© de cyclodextrine. Dans le but d’étendre l’application des monolithes Ă  base de NAS au greffage de biomacromolĂ©cules, une nouvelle matrice monolithique incorporant dans sa structure chimique un co-monomĂšre hydrophile a Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ©e. Les rĂ©sultats prĂ©liminaires ont montrĂ© que l’augmentation du caractĂšre hydrophile du squelette monolithique permet d’accroĂźtre sensiblement la rĂ©activitĂ© des esters de Nhydroxysuccinimide en milieu aqueuxThe continuously growing interest observed over the past ten years in the field of organic monoliths dedicated to electroseparation applications is mainly due to their easy preparation methods which are also well-suited to the development of miniaturized systems, the wide range of available monomers and the possibility of tuning the structural parameters of the final material by a judicious control of the synthesis conditions. In the present work, the synthesis of new monolithic stationary phases has been developed using a two-stage strategy. In a first step, the photo-initiated free radical copolymerization of Nacryloxysuccinimide with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate was performed in the presence of toluene allowing the preparation of reactive and macroporous monoliths with high permeability properties. The presence of succinimide esters in the chemical structure of the polymer monolith was used to functionalize the surface of the monolith by various grafts through nucleophilic substitution reaction involving amino derivatives. The judicious choice of the grafts permits the fast development of stationary phases with target electrochromatographic properties. Indeed, the tuning of the hydrophobic nature of the monolithic materials was obtained by the grafting of varied alkylamines and was demonstrated by the separation of benzene derivatives by reversed phase mechanism with very good efficiencies (200 000 plates per meter). The use of monolithic stationary phases grafted with aromatic selectors has been proposed as an alternative to the aliphatic-grafted hydrophobic monoliths. The synthesis of organic hydrophilic monoliths was possible by functionalization of the reactive support by alkyldiamines. The preparation of a chiral stationary phase was performed using an original click chemistry approach involving the immobilization of a cyclodextrin derivative. With the aim to extend the application range of NAS-based monoliths to the grafting of biomacromolecules for selective capture and enzymatic digestion applications, a new monolithic matrix incorporating in its chemical structure a hydrophilic comonomer was prepared. Preliminary results showed that the increase in the hydrophilic character of the polymeric skeleton allows increasing significantly the reactivity of N-hydroxysuccinimide esters in aqueous mediu

    Relire, analyser et réécrire ses écrits au début du primaire

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    Relire, analyser et réécrire ses écrits au début du primaire

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    International audienc

    Approcher l’écriture du français au prĂ©scolaire en dĂ©veloppant des procĂ©dures linguistiques efficientes

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    International audienceApproaching French writing in preschool context by developing efficient linguistic procedures. This article is part of a larger research project which analyses the acquisition of French writing by young pupils within the context of regular practice of approached writing. The present study compares two corpora comprising the writings and associated explanations of some sixty pupils who have practiced these approached spelling throughout a school year, as well as a control group of as many pupils with no exposure to the method. The pupils in the two groups attend two schools in the Western suburbs of Paris, which are part of the "Priority Education Network". At the end of the school year, the results showed that the pupils in the first group, whose teachers have been trained in these invented spelling methods, developed scriptural and metalinguistic skills at a much higher level than those in the second group. The speed and depth at which they assimilated the phonographic dimension and perceived the regular or non-regular linguistic forms is much higher. At the same time, they also integrated other specific components such as morphography. Conversely, the pupils in the second group, who were not initiated into these autonomous writing-encoding activities, did not develop much in their conceptions of writing; they were content to write graphs that displayed no connection with the spoken word and often had no semiographic purpose. This study extends and clarifies previous research demonstrating that these writing activities with teacher support, explanatory verbalizations by pupils and a return to the norm have a positive impact on the acquisition of reading and writing.Cet article s’inscrit dans une recherche plus large qui analyse l’acquisition de l’écriture du français par de jeunes Ă©lĂšves, dans le cadre de pratiques rĂ©guliĂšres d’écritures approchĂ©es. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude compare deux corpus comprenant les Ă©crits et explications associĂ©es d’une soixantaine d’élĂšves ayant pratiquĂ© ces Ă©critures approchĂ©es tout au long d’une annĂ©e scolaire, avec autant d’élĂšves qui n’en n’ont pas bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ©. Les Ă©lĂšves des deux groupes sont scolarisĂ©s dans deux Ă©coles de la banlieue ouest de Paris, inscrites en RĂ©seau d’éducation prioritaire. En fin d’annĂ©e scolaire, les rĂ©sultats montrent que les Ă©lĂšves du premier groupe, dont les enseignantes ont Ă©tĂ© formĂ©es Ă  ces Ă©critures approchĂ©es, dĂ©veloppent des compĂ©tences scripturales et mĂ©talinguistiques bien supĂ©rieures aux seconds. Ils investissent plus rapidement et massivement le domaine phonographique et en perçoivent les formes linguistiques rĂ©guliĂšres ou non, tout en intĂ©grant d’autres composantes spĂ©cifiques comme la morphographie. À l’inverse, les Ă©lĂšves du deuxiĂšme groupe, non initiĂ©s Ă  ces activitĂ©s d’écriture-encodage autonomes, Ă©voluent peu dans leurs conceptions de l’écriture de leur langue ; ils se contentent d’inscrire des graphes sans lien avec l’oral et souvent sans visĂ©e sĂ©miographique. Cette Ă©tude prolonge et prĂ©cise de prĂ©cĂ©dentes recherches qui montrent que ces activitĂ©s d’écriture avec un Ă©tayage de l’enseignant, les verbalisations explicatives des Ă©lĂšves et un retour Ă  la norme ont un impact positif sur l’acquisition de la lecture-Ă©criture

    SynthĂšse de nouvelles phases monolithes versatiles Ă  base de N-acryloxysuccinimide pour l'Ă©lectrochromatographie

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    L intĂ©rĂȘt grandissant portĂ© au cours de ces dix derniĂšres annĂ©es aux monolithes organiques pour des applications Ă©lectrosĂ©paratives se justifie en partie par leur prĂ©paration aisĂ©e au sein de systĂšmes miniaturisĂ©s, le large choix des monomĂšres prĂ©curseurs disponibles, ainsi que la possibilitĂ© d ajuster les paramĂštres structuraux du matĂ©riau final par un contrĂŽle judicieux des conditions opĂ©ratoires. Au cours de ce travail, la synthĂšse de nouvelles phases monolithiques a Ă©tĂ© mise au point selon une stratĂ©gie en deux Ă©tapes. Dans une premiĂšre Ă©tape, la copolymĂ©risation radicalaire photo-initiĂ©e du Nacryloxysuccinimide avec le dimĂ©thacrylate d Ă©thylĂšne glycol rĂ©alisĂ©e en prĂ©sence de toluĂšne, a permis l Ă©laboration de monolithes macroporeux rĂ©actifs et hautement permĂ©ables. La prĂ©sence d esters de succinimide dans la structure chimique du monolithe polymĂšre a Ă©tĂ© mise Ă  profit pour fonctionnaliser la surface du monolithe par des greffons de nature variĂ©e par rĂ©action de substitution nuclĂ©ophile faisant intervenir des dĂ©rivĂ©s aminĂ©s. Le choix judicieux des greffons a permis la mise au point rapide de phases stationnaires prĂ©sentant des propriĂ©tĂ©s Ă©lectrochromatographiques ciblĂ©es. Ainsi, le contrĂŽle du caractĂšre hydrophobe des supports obtenus par greffage d alkylamines de taille variable a Ă©tĂ© mis en Ă©vidence par la sĂ©paration de dĂ©rivĂ©s benzĂ©niques selon un mĂ©canisme Ă  polaritĂ© de phase inversĂ©e avec de trĂšs bonnes efficacitĂ©s (200000 plateaux par mĂštre). L utilisation de phases stationnaires monolithiques greffĂ©es par des sĂ©lecteurs aromatiques a Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©e comme alternative aux monolithes aliphatiques hydrophobes. La synthĂšse de monolithes organiques hydrophiles a Ă©tĂ© possible par la fonctionnalisation du support rĂ©actif par des alkyldiamines. La prĂ©paration d une phase stationnaire chirale a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e selon une approche originale de chimie click consistant Ă  immobiliser un dĂ©rivĂ© de cyclodextrine. Dans le but d Ă©tendre l application des monolithes Ă  base de NAS au greffage de biomacromolĂ©cules, une nouvelle matrice monolithique incorporant dans sa structure chimique un co-monomĂšre hydrophile a Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ©e. Les rĂ©sultats prĂ©liminaires ont montrĂ© que l augmentation du caractĂšre hydrophile du squelette monolithique permet d accroĂźtre sensiblement la rĂ©activitĂ© des esters de Nhydroxysuccinimide en milieu aqueuxThe continuously growing interest observed over the past ten years in the field of organic monoliths dedicated to electroseparation applications is mainly due to their easy preparation methods which are also well-suited to the development of miniaturized systems, the wide range of available monomers and the possibility of tuning the structural parameters of the final material by a judicious control of the synthesis conditions. In the present work, the synthesis of new monolithic stationary phases has been developed using a two-stage strategy. In a first step, the photo-initiated free radical copolymerization of Nacryloxysuccinimide with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate was performed in the presence of toluene allowing the preparation of reactive and macroporous monoliths with high permeability properties. The presence of succinimide esters in the chemical structure of the polymer monolith was used to functionalize the surface of the monolith by various grafts through nucleophilic substitution reaction involving amino derivatives. The judicious choice of the grafts permits the fast development of stationary phases with target electrochromatographic properties. Indeed, the tuning of the hydrophobic nature of the monolithic materials was obtained by the grafting of varied alkylamines and was demonstrated by the separation of benzene derivatives by reversed phase mechanism with very good efficiencies (200 000 plates per meter). The use of monolithic stationary phases grafted with aromatic selectors has been proposed as an alternative to the aliphatic-grafted hydrophobic monoliths. The synthesis of organic hydrophilic monoliths was possible by functionalization of the reactive support by alkyldiamines. The preparation of a chiral stationary phase was performed using an original click chemistry approach involving the immobilization of a cyclodextrin derivative. With the aim to extend the application range of NAS-based monoliths to the grafting of biomacromolecules for selective capture and enzymatic digestion applications, a new monolithic matrix incorporating in its chemical structure a hydrophilic comonomer was prepared. Preliminary results showed that the increase in the hydrophilic character of the polymeric skeleton allows increasing significantly the reactivity of N-hydroxysuccinimide esters in aqueous mediumPARIS-EST-UniversitĂ© (770839901) / SudocSudocFranceF
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