Institutional conditions and social innovations in emerging economies: insights from Mexican enterprises’ initiatives for protecting/preventing the effect of violent events

Latin-American countries are characterised by societal problems like violence, crime, corruption, the informality that influence any entrepreneurial activity developed by individuals/organisations. Social innovations literature confront “wicked problems” with strong interdependencies among different systems/actors. Yet, little is known about how firms use innovation to hedge against economic, political or societal uncertainties (i.e., violence, social movements, democratisation, pandemic). By translating social innovation and institutional theory approaches, this study analyses the influence of formal institutions (government programs and actions) and informal institutions (corruption, extortion and informal trade) on the development/implementation of enterprises’ technological initiatives for protecting/preventing of victimisation. By using data from 5525 establishments interviewed in the 2012/2014 National Victimisation Survey of the Mexican National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), our findings shows that formal conditions (government programs) and informal conditions (corruption, extortion and informal trade) are associated with an increment in the number of enterprises’ social innovations. Our findings also contribute to the debate about institutional conditions, social innovations, and the role of ecosystems’ actors in developing economies. A provoking discussion and implications for researchers, managers and policymakers emerge from this study

Entrepreneurial university ecosystems and graduates' career patterns: do entrepreneurship education programmes and university business incubators matter?

Purpose This paper provides insights about how graduates' career patterns (i.e. academic entrepreneur, self-employed or paid employed) are influenced by entrepreneurial university ecosystems (i.e. incubators and entrepreneurship education programs). Design/methodology/approach By adopting Douglas and Shepherd's utility-maximising function, the influence of one entrepreneurial university ecosystem on graduates' career choices was tested using a sample of 11,512 graduates from the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM) in Mexico. Findings Our results show the critical role of entrepreneurial universities ecosystems in facilitating employability options as academic entrepreneurship for ITESM's graduates. The study shows some insights about how graduates' risk aversion and work effort are positively influenced by the university business incubator and entrepreneurship education programs, respectively. Practical implications Diverse implications for stakeholders have emerged from our results. These implications are associated with potential benefits of implementing programmes oriented to engage academic entrepreneurship within Latin American universities. Originality/value Entrepreneurial universities provide a range of employability alternatives for their students, such as to be self-employed, academic entrepreneurs or paid employees. In this scenario, entrepreneurial universities have configured entrepreneurial ecosystems (educational programmes, business incubators and other infrastructures) to support potential entrepreneurs (students, academics, staff and alumni). Despite the relevance of the environmental conditions on individuals' occupational choices, few studies have explored the role of the entrepreneurial university ecosystems on graduates' employability. In this vein, our study contributes to some academic discussions: (1) the role of context on career choice models (Ilouga et al., 2014; Sieger and Monsen, 2015), (2) the role of incubators and entrepreneurship education on fostering academic entrepreneurship on the graduates' community (Nabi et al., 2017; Good et al., 2019; Guerrero and Urbano, 2019a) and (3) the effectiveness of the entrepreneurial university ecosystems on graduates' employability (Herrera et al., 2018; Wright et al., 2017)

Do employees’ generational cohorts influence corporate venturing? A multilevel analysis

Organizations are facing an interesting phenomenon in the composition of theirworkforce: the concurrence of multiple age generations that demand suitablestrategies regarding work design, job satisfaction, and incentives. Ongoingentrepreneurship and strategic management debates require a betterunderstanding of the relationship between workplace generational cohorts’configurations and organizational performance. We propose a conceptual modelfor understanding how a diversified workforce influences some determinants(i.e., employees’ human capital and attitudes, organizational climate, andenvironmental conditions) of entrepreneurial organizations’ outcomes (i.e.,corporate venturing). Our framework offers insights into corporate venturingdeterminants for three generational cohorts: Baby Boomers, Generation X, andGeneration Y. Using a sample of 20,256 employees across 28 countries, ourfindings lend support to the positive effect of individual and organizationaldeterminants on corporate venturing, as well as how these effects are reinforcedper generational cohort. Specifically, our results show that younger generations(millennials) have more propensity to be involved in corporate venturingactivities. This study also contributes to thought-provoking implications forentrepreneurial organizational leaders who manage employees from differentgenerations

Conformación de mancomunidades : alternativa para la implementación y sostenibilidad de la gestión integral de los residuos sólidos urbanos en República Dominicana

Maribel Chalas Guerrero, Ingeniera Química, de la Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (UASD); Postgrado en Tecnología de Alimentos-Industrialización de Frutas y Hortalizas, en el Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, España; Postgrado en Gestión del Medio Ambiente, de la Universidad Libre de Bruselas, Bélgica; Diplomado en Administración de Proyectos, CEI-RD/Infotep; y Diplomado en Derecho y Gestión Ambiental, en la Universidad INCE-Insaproma. Ha realizado numerosos cursos, entrenamientos, visitas y seminarios. Ganadora del “Premio Juan Pablo Duarte”, otorgado por el Codia al mejor estudiante de la Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura de la UASD, 1983. “Auditor Líder ISO 9001 – 2008”, certificado No. 11/4343 de “International Register of Certificated Auditors (IRCA), febrero 2013. Más de veinte años en el mundo de la industria agroalimenticia, en empresas internacionales reconocidas. Actualmente se desempeña como coordinadora técnica de Proyectos de Residuos Sólidos en la Dirección de Gestión Ambiental Municipal del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales de República Dominicana

Changing Times at Cuban Universities: Looking into the Transition towards a Social, Entrepreneurial and Innovative Organization

Since the 1990s, the socialist higher education system has faced several reforms oriented to satisfy the social, economic, and technological demands. However, little is known about the transformation process of the socialist university system over the past two decades. This study provides a better understanding of the entrepreneurial and innovative transition of universities located in socialist economies. By adopting mixed theoretical approaches, we proposed a conceptual model to understand the social, the innovative and the entrepreneurial transformation of socialist universities. We revised/tested this model in the context of the Cuban University by implementing a prospective case study approach. Our findings show insights about the transition towards a business model innovation within the Cuban university. The determinants have been the state regulations, the closing of the complete cycle from teaching to the commercialization of results and the creation of hybrid structures to manage knowledge. Consequently, the university is facing managerial challenges related to its ability to explore/exploit its activities to generate social, innovative and economic outcomes. Our results provide practical implications for the university managers and actors involved in the transformation process of the Cuban Universit

Entrepreneurship education in the age of effectuation: teaching strategies evidence from Mexico and Germany

The positive impact of Entrepreneurship on economic development has been supported by many research studies (Drucker 1985). Based on those, education and training have been confirmed as relevant factors in promoting and fostering an entrepreneurial perspective (Gibb 1994; Peterman and Kennedy 2003; Kuratko 2005; Pittaway and Cope 2007). Therefore, universities have increasingly incorporated entrepreneurship modules into their educational programs at undergraduate, masters, and doctoral levels (Kirby 1992; Vesper and Gartner 1997; Katz 2003). Even counterarguments on the general effectiveness of entrepreneurship education agree that entrepreneurial skills are teachable (Aronsson 2004). In recent years, the effectuation theory has emerged, arguing that while it was hitherto known that entrepreneurs focus on discovering and exploiting existing opportunities with a set target in mind, research findings suggest another equally valid approach (Sarasvathy 2008). In the age of effectuation, potential entrepreneurs may derive their entrepreneurial ideas and decisions from the realities of their life and individual value systems. Therefore, the same person can use both causal and effectual reasoning at different times depending on what the circumstances call for (Sarasvathy 2001a). As a result, a scientific debate about the role of effectuation in entrepreneurship education has emerged. In particular, teacher-centered classroom teaching was exposed as a purely causal element, due to its sequential progression from an initial business idea to its respective market potential and financial projections (Sarasvathy 2001b). This study aims to demonstrate the existence of a range of effectuation elements in current entrepreneurship education programs and identify the teaching strategies adopted. The methodology followed the multiple case study approach, applied to the entrepreneurship education programs at a Mexican and a German University respectively. The main implication highlights the role of both teaching methodologies and teaching models in entrepreneurship education in the ‘Age of Effectuation.

Característiques de les universitats espanyoles emprenedores

Les societats emprenedores es caracteritzen per considerar l'emprenedoria i el coneixement com a forces impulsores del creixement econòmic, la creació d'ocupació i la competitivitat en els mercats globals. Per aquest motiu, tots els agents, (tan públics com privats), participen activament en l'impuls i implementació de polítiques entorn la innovació i la indústria, generant tecnologia i transferència tecnològica. És en aquest context, en què la universitat té un paper molt important en ser una organització productora i generadora de coneixement que pot ser transferit mitjançant el desenvolupament de diverses activitats emprenedores.Las sociedades emprendedoras se caracterizan por considerar el emprendimiento y el conocimiento como fuerzas impulsoras del crecimiento económico, la creación de empleo y la competitividad en los mercados globales. De ahí que todos los agentes, (tanto públicos como privados), participen activamente en el impulso e implementación de políticas en torno a la innovación y la industria, generando tecnología y transferencia tecnológica. Es en este contexto, en el que la universidad desempeña un papel muy importante al ser una organización productora y generadora de conocimiento que puede ser transferido mediante el desarrollo de diversas actividades emprendedoras

El desenvolupament d'una universitat emprenedora

Avui dia, és àmpliament reconeguda la contribució del coneixement i l'emprenedoria en el desenvolupament econòmic i social de qualsevol regió. Sens dubte, en aquest context, les universitats emprenedores juguen un paper molt important, ja que són una àrea fèrtil per a la generació de coneixement i idees innovadores que poden ser disseminades a la societat a través de diverses iniciatives emprenedores. No obstant això, la interrelació i influència entre diversos factors que puguin condicionar el seu desenvolupament ha estat poc explorada. Per això, que aquest article tracta de contribuir a una millor comprensió dels factors de l'entorn i interns que condicionen el desenvolupament d'universitats emprenedores.Hoy en día, es ampliamente reconocida la contribución del conocimiento y emprendimiento en el desarrollo económico y social de cualquier región. Sin duda, en este contexto, las universidades emprendedoras juegan un papel muy importante; ya que son un área fértil para la generación de conocimiento e ideas innovadoras que pueden ser diseminadas a la sociedad a través de diversas iniciativas emprendedoras. Sin embargo, la interrelación e influencia entre diversos factores que pudieran condicionar su desarrollo ha sido poco explorada. De ahí, que este artículo trate de contribuir a un mejor entendimiento de los factores del entorno e internos que condicionan el desarrollo de universidades emprendedoras

Transferencia de conocimiento y tecnología Mejores prácticas en las universidades emprendedoras españolas

Entrepreneurial society refers to places where knowledge-based entrepreneurship has emerged as a driving force for economic growth, employment creation and competitiveness in global markets. All spheres (public, private and academic) have formerly been operated interwoven with a spiral pattern of linkages emerging at various stages of the innovation and industrial policy-making processes, generating knowledge and technology transfer. Therefore, the entrepreneurial university plays an important role as a knowledge producer and disseminating organization. Entrepreneurial universities are involved in partnerships, networks and other relationships with public and private organizations that are an umbrella for the development and growth of the national innovation system. The main purpose of this research is to identify the best practices for knowledge and technology transfer implemented by Spanish entrepreneurial universities. To fulfill this objective, an institutional perspective is adopted and case study approach is used

Does entrepreneurship ecosystem influence business re-entries after failure?

Previous studies have found a close relationship between exit/failure decisions and entrepreneurial/organisational characteristics. In the same line, entrepreneurship literature has recognised that the context matters in any entrepreneurial process, including “exit,” “failure” or “re-entry.” This manuscript proposes a conceptual framework to identify the elements of the entrepreneurial ecosystem that foster or impede the re-entry into entrepreneurship after a business failure. By reviewing the accumulation of knowledge, we identified the individual, the organisational, and the contextual conditions that influence the trajectory of an individual who decides to re-enter after a business failure. This manuscript provides a better understanding of the critical role of agents involved in the entrepreneurial ecosystem. A provocative discussion and implications emerge for this study in order to reduce individual barriers and unfavourable social norms towards business failure