Endosymbiotic communities in insects vectoring viruses : bacterial diversity, phenotypic effects, ecological and epidemiological consequences

Les bactéries symbiotiques facultatives, transmises verticalement de mère à descendants, sont connues pour avoir des effets importants sur la reproduction de leurs hôtes (incompatibilité cytoplasmique et biais de sex-ratio), sur l’adaptation à des situations de stress (spécialisation, résistance aux pathogènes et aux fortes températures) ainsi que sur l’évolution de l’ADN mitochondrial par l’induction de balayages sélectifs. Bemisia tabaci est un complexe d’espèces divisé en nombreux biotypes, principalement différenciés sur la base de marqueurs moléculaires (essentiellement mitochondrial). Cet insecte héberge 7 symbiotes, 1 symbiote nutritionnel obligatoire et 6 symbiotes facultatifs. Nos résultats ont montré une extrême diversité ainsi qu’une prévalence exceptionnelle des bactéries symbiotiques chez B. tabaci. Leur dynamique rapide a entraîné de nombreux balayages sélectifs sur l’ADN mitochondrial influençant nettement son évolution. La très forte fréquence des infections multiples chez cet insecte peut certainement être expliquée par la co-localisation de l’ensemble des bactéries au sein des mêmes cellules, avec le symbiote nutritionnelle. Enfin, la coexistence de différents cytotypes en sympatrie offre l’opportunité d’étudier les interactions qui se mettent en place entre différentes communautés symbiotiques et comment ces systèmes vont évoluerFacultative endosymbiotic bacteria that are vertically transmitted from mother to offsprings, have important effects on their host reproduction (cytoplasmic incompatibilities and sex-ratio biais), on host adaptation to situation of stress (specialization, resistance against pathogens or high temperature) and also on the evolution of mtDNA, by inducing selective sweeps. Bemisia tabaci is a species complex divided into numerous, mainly differentiated based on molecular markers (essentially mtDNA markers). This insect is infected by 7 bacterial symbionts, one nutritionnal symbiont that is obligatory and 6 facultative symbionts. Our results show an extreme diversity of symbionts in this insect and a very high prevalence in B. tabaci populations. Moreover their rapid dynamic has strongly influenced mtDNA evolution by inducing recurrent selective sweeps. The colocalization of the whole symbiotic community in the same cells, with the nutritional symbiont, might certainly explain the very high frequency of multiple infections in B. tabaci. Finally, coexistence of very different cytotypes in sympatry allows to study the interactions that take place between different symbiotic communities and how these systems will evolv

Endosymbiont metacommunities, mtDNA diversity and the evolution of the Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) species complex.

International audienceAbstract Bemisia tabaci, an invasive pest that causes crop damage worldwide, is a highly differentiated species complex, divided into biotypes that have mainly been defined based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Although endosymbionts can potentially induce population differentiation, specialization and indirect selection on mtDNA, studies have largely ignored these influential passengers in B. tabaci, despite as many as seven bacterial endosymbionts have been identified. Here, we investigate the composition of the whole bacterial community in worldwide populations of B. tabaci, together with host genetic differentiation, focusing on the invasive B and Q biotypes. Among 653 individuals studied, more than 95% of them harbour at least one secondary endosymbiont, and multiple infections are very common. In addition, sequence analyses reveal a very high diversity of facultative endosymbionts in B. tabaci, with some bacterial genus being represented by more than one strain. In the B and Q biotypes, nine different strains of bacteria have been identified. The mtDNA-based phylogeny of B. tabaci also reveals a very high nucleotide diversity that partitions the two ITS clades (B and Q) into six CO1 genetic groups. Each genetic group is in linkage disequilibrium with a specific combination of endosymbionts. All together, our results demonstrate the rapid dynamics of the bacterial endosymbiont-host associations at a small evolutionary scale, questioning the role of endosymbiotic communities in the evolution of the Bemisia tabaci species complex and strengthening the need to develop a metacommunity theory of inherited endosymbionts

[Invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised children in paediatric haematology: Recommendations for management in SFCE centres]

National audienceINTRODUCTION: To date, invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are still responsible for a high mortality rate in children managed for haematological malignancy. Although Candida and Aspergillus infections remain in the majority, emerging fungal infections are increasingly common. Children differ from adults in their pathology and treatment, as well as in their prior fungal colonisation and unique pharmacokinetics. Therefore, we propose here specific paediatric management recommendations for IFIs in haematology. METHODS: We based our recommendations on a review of the literature, including the latest ECIL recommendations, an analysis of practices and a collection of expert opinions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In France, approximately 5% of children treated for haematological malignancy or who have received a bone marrow allograft present an IFI. These IFIs are equally divided between yeast infections (mainly due to Candida albicans) and filamentous infections (mainly aspergillosis) and 16% are IFIs due to emerging fungi, half of which are due to Mucorales. In these recommendations, we recall the diagnostic criteria for proven or probable IFI according to the Donnelly classification, then we propose strategies for screening, diagnosing, evaluating the extension and treating these three types of IFI. We also detail the diagnostic and therapeutic management of chronic disseminated candidiasis. We also discuss prophylactic measures, including environmental measures which are of primary importance in children