Identificación serológica de Brucella abortus en perros (Canis lupus familiaris) de 27 ganaderías bovinas pertenecientes a los municipios de Metapán y El Porvenir, Santa Ana, El Salvador

La investigación se llevó a cabo durante los meses de noviembre 2016 a mayo 2017 en los municipios de Metapán y El Porvenir en el departamento de Santa Ana; dichos municipios fueron seleccionados debido a que en ellos se reportó la mayor cantidad de casos de brucelosis bovina en la región occidental del país, durante el año 2015. Se muestrearon 90 perros de los cuales 48 correspondían a 15 unidades productivas en el Municipio de Metapán y 42 a 12 unidades productivas en el municipio de El Porvenir. Se extrajeron aproximadamente 5 mililitros de sangre entera por ejemplar, para analizar por medio de la prueba de Rosa de Bengala obteniendo 8 y 18 muestras seropositivas respectivamente; demostrando serológicamente la circulación de Brucella abortus en los perros de las unidades productivas analizadas. La seroprevalencia general de Brucella abortus en perros fue 28.89% resultando ser más elevada en comparación a otros estudios realizados a nivel mundial; y una seroprevalencia general en unidades productivas de 59.25%. El sexo y la edad no fueron factores estadísticamente determinantes para la presencia de los anticuerpos dirigidos contra Brucella abortus. La seroprevalencia más elevada en perros se obtuvo en el municipio de El Porvenir donde el 100% de unidades productivas muestreadas fueron reactoras y el 42.85% de perros seropositivos, coincidiendo con la mayor seroprevalencia de Brucella abortus en bovinos reportado por el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería en el año 2015 para dicho municipio. Los resultados obtenidos presentan información epidemiológica importante que contribuirá a la toma de decisiones por parte de las autoridades pertinentes

A High Docosahexaenoic Acid Diet Alters the Lung Inflammatory Response to Acute Dust Exposure

Agricultural workers are at risk for the development of acute and chronic lung diseases due to their exposure to organic agricultural dusts. A diet intervention using the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been shown to be an effective therapeutic approach for alleviating a dust-induced inflammatory response. We thus hypothesized a high-DHA diet would alter the dust-induced inflammatory response through the increased production of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). Mice were pre-treated with a DHA-rich diet 4 weeks before being intranasally challenged with a single dose of an extract made from dust collected from a concentrated swine feeding operation (HDE). This omega-3-fatty-acid-rich diet led to reduced arachidonic acid levels in the blood, enhanced macrophage recruitment, and increased the production of the DHA-derived SPM Resolvin D1 (RvD1) in the lung following HDE exposure. An assessment of transcript-level changes in the immune response demonstrated significant differences in immune pathway activation and alterations of numerous macrophage-associated genes among HDE-challenged mice fed a high DHA diet. Our data indicate that consuming a DHA-rich diet leads to the enhanced production of SPMs during an acute inflammatory challenge to dust, supporting a role for dietary DHA supplementation as a potential therapeutic strategy for reducing dust-induced lung inflammation

The Impact of LCN2 in the Lung Inflammatory Response to Agricultural Dust Exposure

Agricultural workers have increased risks of developing debilitating respiratory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) due to their repetitive exposure to organic dust particles. Lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) is an acute phase protein that plays crucial roles in mediating immune responses to inflammatory stimuli in multiple tissues. Its role in the lung immune response to inflammatory stimuli other than bacteria, however, has not been well studied. This research examines the paradoxical roles of LCN2 in the immune response to extracts of dusts collected from swine confinement facilities (DE), in an effort to identify protective vs. harmful roles of LCN2 in the context of lung inflammation. Additionally, the cross-talk between LCN-2 and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in mediating the tissue repair process was also examined. Major research findings indicate an important function of LCN-2 in regulating tissue homeostasis, tissue repair, and anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) production in the lungs. Additionally, compartmentalized effects on T cell and macrophage levels were observed in BALF vs. lung tissue in DE-exposed LCN-2 KO mice versus wildtype mice. The role of the LCN-2/IL-10 axis in lung tissue repair was further explored by administering recombinant IL-10 to LCN-2 KO mice, resulting in reduced pathology in the lungs. Ablation of LCN-2 resulted in deficits in recovery of mice exposed to DE, which was reversed with administration of IL-10. Lastly, at the population level, we show that higher bronchitis diagnosis rates are associated with natural dust exposure, and that intake of Omega-3 fatty acids is associated with decreased reports of bronchitis. Taken together, these investigations highlight a novel role for LCN-2 in promoting lung repair following organic dust-induced inflammation, mediated in part by IL-10. These findings may substantially impact the breadth of knowledge available for researchers in this field, and consequently help discriminate between the protective and detrimental roles exerted by LCN2 in response to inflammation in the lungs. This can further lead to the potential use of LCN-2 as a diagnostic marker or its therapeutic use in the treatment of debilitating lung inflammatory conditions

Diseño de una guía con estrategias de marketing vivencial que contribuya como un instrumento para promover la fidelización e imagen turística a través de las alcaldías que pertenecen a la Ruta de las Flores, en los Departamentos de Sonsonate y Ahuachapán

El proyecto de investigación que se presenta a continuación es un "Diseño de una guía con estrategias de Marketing Vivencial que contribuya como un instrumento para promover la fidelización e imagen Turística a través de las Alcaldías pertenecientes a la ruta de las flores en los departamentos de Sonsonate y Ahuachapán. Este documento cuenta con ocho capítulos en su totalidad de los cuales se desglosan: CAPITULO I. Planteamiento del Problema. Mostrando las causales principales y secundarias y sus efectos, así como la situación actual de la Ruta de las Flores, su posicionamiento, justificación del problema, alcances y limitaciones de la investigación. CAPITULO II. Marco Referencial. Plasmando la historia, antecedentes, importancia de la Ruta de las Flores y el turismo en general, así como las principales características del tema, y sus puntos más importantes, desde lo filosófico antropológico, teórico, conceptual y legal. CAPITULO III. Formulación de la Hipótesis. Formulación de hipótesis generales como específicas de la investigación. CAPITULO IV. METODOLOGIA DE LA INVESTIGACION. Para realizar la investigación de campo se necesitó definir la población, muestra, fuentes de información primaria y secundaria finalizando con el desarrollo de una prueba piloto. CAPITULO V. recolección de Datos. Para recoger los frutos de la investigación de campo se necesitó definir la población, muestra, fuentes de información primaria y secundaria finalizando con el desarrollo de una prueba piloto. CAPITULO V. Recolección de Datos. Para recoger los frutos de la investigación de campo se necito un instrumento en este caso fue la encuesta por medio de cuestionario de cuestionario tanto para la oferta como para la demanda. CAPITULO VI. Análisis e interpretación de Resultados. Para ello se realizó una matriz vaciado de datos y graficas en las que se muestran los resultados de la investigación de la oferta y de la demanda. CAPITULO VII. Conclusiones y Recomendaciones. Se realizaron ciertas conclusiones por medio de las cuales se plantearon recomendaciones. CAPITULO VIII. Propuesta. Se trata de una guía con estrategias de Marketing Vivencial, compuesta por cuatro etapas, en las cuales también se proponen estrategias tanto para las alcaldías e instituciones de la Ruta de las Flores como para la zona turística entre sí. También se proponen métodos de control, ejecución e implementación para las estrategia

Generation of sensory hair cells by genetic programming with a combination of transcription factors

© 2015. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.Mechanosensory hair cells (HCs) are the primary receptors of our senses of hearing and balance. Elucidation of the transcriptional networks regulating HC fate determination and differentiation is crucial not only to understand inner ear development but also to improve cell replacement therapies for hearing disorders. Here, we show that combined expression of the transcription factors Gfi1, Pou4f3 and Atoh1 can induce direct programming towards HC fate, both during in vitro mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation and following ectopic expression in chick embryonic otic epithelium. Induced HCs (iHCs) express numerous HC-specific markers and exhibit polarized membrane protrusions reminiscent of stereociliary bundles. Transcriptome profiling confirms the progressive establishment of a HC-specific gene signature during in vitro iHC programming. Overall, this work provides a novel approach to achieve robust and highly efficient HC production in vitro, which could be used as a model to study HC development and to drive inner ear HC regeneration.This work was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal [PTDC/SAU-NEU/71310/2006, SFRH/BD/38461/2007 to A.C.]. A.C. was also a recipient of an EMBO Short-Term Fellowship during her stay at the UCL Ear Institute. S.J. is funded by a UCL Impact Studentship to J.E.G. Work in N.D.'s lab is supported by the BBSRC [BB/L003163/1].info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Aspirin-Triggered Resolvin D1 Reduces Chronic Dust-Induced Lung Pathology without Altering Susceptibility to Dust-Enhanced Carcinogenesis.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with increased risk being associated with unresolved or chronic inflammation. Agricultural and livestock workers endure significant exposure to agricultural dusts on a routine basis; however, the chronic inflammatory and carcinogenic effects of these dust exposure is unclear. We have developed a chronic dust exposure model of lung carcinogenesis in which mice were intranasally challenged three times a week for 24 weeks, using an aqueous dust extract (HDE) made from dust collected in swine confinement facilities. We also treated mice with the omega-3-fatty acid lipid mediator, aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) to provide a novel therapeutic strategy for mitigating the inflammatory and carcinogenic effects of HDE. Exposure to HDE resulted in significant immune cell influx into the lungs, enhanced lung tumorigenesis, severe tissue pathogenesis, and a pro-inflammatory and carcinogenic gene signature, relative to saline-exposed mice. AT-RvD1 treatment mitigated the dust-induced inflammatory response but did not protect against HDE + NNK-enhanced tumorigenesis. Our data suggest that chronic HDE exposure induces a significant inflammatory and pro-carcinogenic response, whereas treatment with AT-RvD1 dampens the inflammatory responses, providing a strong argument for the therapeutic use of AT-RvD1 to mitigate chronic inflammation

Aspirin-Triggered Resolvin D1 Reduces Chronic Dust-Induced Lung Pathology without Altering Susceptibility to Dust-Enhanced Carcinogenesis

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with increased risk being associated with unresolved or chronic inflammation. Agricultural and livestock workers endure significant exposure to agricultural dusts on a routine basis; however, the chronic inflammatory and carcinogenic effects of these dust exposure is unclear. We have developed a chronic dust exposure model of lung carcinogenesis in which mice were intranasally challenged three times a week for 24 weeks, using an aqueous dust extract (HDE) made from dust collected in swine confinement facilities. We also treated mice with the omega-3-fatty acid lipid mediator, aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) to provide a novel therapeutic strategy for mitigating the inflammatory and carcinogenic effects of HDE. Exposure to HDE resulted in significant immune cell influx into the lungs, enhanced lung tumorigenesis, severe tissue pathogenesis, and a pro-inflammatory and carcinogenic gene signature, relative to saline-exposed mice. AT-RvD1 treatment mitigated the dust-induced inflammatory response but did not protect against HDE + NNK-enhanced tumorigenesis. Our data suggest that chronic HDE exposure induces a significant inflammatory and pro-carcinogenic response, whereas treatment with AT-RvD1 dampens the inflammatory responses, providing a strong argument for the therapeutic use of AT-RvD1 to mitigate chronic inflammation

A High Docosahexaenoic Acid Diet Alters the Lung Inflammatory Response to Acute Dust Exposure.

Agricultural workers are at risk for the development of acute and chronic lung diseases due to their exposure to organic agricultural dusts. A diet intervention using the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been shown to be an effective therapeutic approach for alleviating a dust-induced inflammatory response. We thus hypothesized a high-DHA diet would alter the dust-induced inflammatory response through the increased production of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). Mice were pre-treated with a DHA-rich diet 4 weeks before being intranasally challenged with a single dose of an extract made from dust collected from a concentrated swine feeding operation (HDE). This omega-3-fatty-acid-rich diet led to reduced arachidonic acid levels in the blood, enhanced macrophage recruitment, and increased the production of the DHA-derived SPM Resolvin D1 (RvD1) in the lung following HDE exposure. An assessment of transcript-level changes in the immune response demonstrated significant differences in immune pathway activation and alterations of numerous macrophage-associated genes among HDE-challenged mice fed a high DHA diet. Our data indicate that consuming a DHA-rich diet leads to the enhanced production of SPMs during an acute inflammatory challenge to dust, supporting a role for dietary DHA supplementation as a potential therapeutic strategy for reducing dust-induced lung inflammation