Pharmacokinetics of Chloramphenicol in Sheep after Intramuscular Administration

This study was carried out to determine the pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol in eight sheep injected intramuscularly with chloramphenicol sodium succinate (25 mg/kg body weight). The animals were bled at pre-determined time intervals and serum chloramphenicol concentrations monitored using chloramphenicol-ELISA for a period of 30 days post drug administration. Pharmacokinetic evaluation was carried out using a non-compartment analysis. The mean Cmax values obtained in the eight sheep was 134±34 mg/ml and the time required to reach Cmax (tmax) was 10±0.05 minutes. The mean elimination half-life obtained was 36.37±3.7 h and the mean residence time was 2.83±0.27 h. These findings show that chloramphenicol was absorbed and distributed rapidly from the injection site. At two weeks post drug administration, the drug levels had declined to below the limit of detection of the assay (0.1 ng/ml).Keywords: Chloramphenicol, pharmacokinetics, sheep, ELISAEast and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 12 (2009) 3-

Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Diarrhoeal Activities of a Steroidal Indoxyl

The anti-inflammatory and antidiarrhoeal activities of 3β-Hydroxy-16, 17-seco-16-nor-5-androsten-15-(2-indoxyliden)-17-oic acid (I) are reported. After intraperitoneal administration, compound (I) gave an ED50 of 9.5 mg/kg using the carrageenan induced rat paw oedema anti-inflammatory assay method. Indomethacin had an ED50 of 5.8 mg/kg in this assay. Compound (I) and indomethacin caused comparable and dose-dependent varying degrees of delay in diarrhoea and also significantly reduced net colonic water flux into the colon of rats induced by castor oil. Key words: Steroidal Indoxyl, Anti-Inflammatory, Antidiarrhoeal. East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol.6(2) 2003: 26-2

Validation of a competitive chloramphenicol enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for determination of residues in Ovine tissues

Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which has been used for treatment of animals. However, in humans it leads to hematoxic side effects particularly aplastic anaemia for which a dosage-effect relationship has not yet been established. The objective of this study was to validate a developed chloramphenicol enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of chloramphenicol residues in ovine tissues. Two groups (n=5) of sheep were injected with chloramphenicol sodium succinate at 25-mg/kg bodyweight and slaughtered one and four weeks post drug administration. Overall, the mean percentage recoveries in muscle, liver and kidney were 92 %, 70% and 78% respectively. The limits of detection were 1.2 ng/g, 0.6 ng/g and 0.8 ng/g while the detection capability was 2.5 ng/g, 1 ng/g and 1 ng/g in muscle, kidney and liver respectively. This enables the method to be used effectively as a screening tool for chloramphenicol residues in livestock products especially in the liver, muscle and kidney.Keywords: Chloramphenicol, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ovine, muscle, liver, kidneyEast and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 13 (2010) 12-1

Estrogenic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of a Steroidal Indoxyl

The estrogenic and anti-inflammatory activities of 3-methoxy-16, 17-seco-16-norestra-1,3,5-trien-15-(2'-indoxyliden)-17-oic acid is reported. After intraperitoneal administration, the dose of this compound required to reduce swelling of the rat paw by 50% (ED50) was 14.1 mg/kg using the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema anti-inflammatory assay method. Indomethacin had an ED50 of 3.2 mg/kg in this assay while dexamethasone had an ED50 of 1.7 mg/kg. The estrogenic activity of the compound after intramuscular administration in rats was 0.72 relative to diethylstilbestrol, when the two compounds were assayed at three dose levels of 1.0, 0.3 and 0.1 mg/kg. Key Words: Steroidal indoxyl, synthesis, estrogenic, anti-inflammatory East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol.5(3) 2002: 44-4

The effectiveness of mathematics teaching: a cross-national investigation in primary schools in England and China

This study focuses on the effectiveness of mathematics teaching to children aged 9-10 years, applies a mixture of six methods to classroom-level data collected in England and China, correlates observable teacher behaviours with pupil mathematics performance and collects multiple perceptions that indirectly connect with the differences of teaching and learning cross-nationally. It has been found in the study that 9-to 10-year-olds (n = 343) from China outscored their English peers (n = 236) at the same age by over 20 per cent in each of two mathematics tests derived from TIMSS 2003. Structured analysis of lesson videos has revealed that Chinese mathematics teachers scored much higher than their English colleagues on an internationally validated observation instrument which focused on the quality of six dimensions of teacher behaviours. Furthermore, the quantity of teacher behaviours was also measured and the subsequent correlational analysis on pooled data indicated a positive effect of whole-class interactive teaching (r = 0.97, p < 0.01) and pupil time on task (r = 0.95, p < 0.01) and a negative impact of whole-class lecture (r = -0.91, p < 0.01), individual/group work (r=-0.81, p < 0.05) and classroom management (r = -0.77, p < 0.05) on pupils’ mathematics performance cross-nationally. Qualitative findings are connected with quantitative results to explain how teachers think, how this relates to the way they teach and how the differences of teaching result in the performance gap cross-nationally. The study replicated previous TER findings from the West across two geographically and culturally different countries, suggested possible directions for future enquiries, and recommended potential ways for practice and policy innovations