Integrated Li-ion battery management system

The generation and demand shifts in the power industry due to the introduction of renewable alternatives has dramatically shaped the development of technology in this industry over the years. This shift has brought embedded electronics deeper into the implementation of solutions to power industry problems. This dissertation is part of a hybrid system, one that is connected to both renewable resources and also the main grid. A common issue faced by renewable energy harvesters is the issue of intermittency. Typically batteries are connected to resolve this issue. However batteries also have their own respective laws of operation, typically when to tum on; when to tum off; when to charge, depending on the type of material used. As the battery connected to the hybrid grid by NTU is Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) base type, that will be the focused battery material type for this dissertation. This dissertation is broken into two parts: A study of battery management technology and building of a battery management system (BMS). Under the study of battery management technology five cell monitoring methods (three high impedance and two low impedance techniques) and three cell balancing techniques (active, passive and charging) are reviewed. Their theory of operation, implementation and pros and cons are discussed briefly. The second part of the dissertation covers the process of building the BMS. As this project is not a new project (there were four attempts prior to this author's attempt), previous attempts were investigated, commented and failures discussed. Resolving the previous attempts issues, leads to the first of three design phase: Prototyping stage. The second phase was accomplished by upgrading the sensor IC from LTC6802-1 to LTC6803-1. The third phase was the actual PCB fabrication and firmware development stage. A cost and stability analysis study was done in the fabrication part of the third phase that resulted in purchasing 3 LTC6803-1 evaluation kits. The firmware developed was built upon the predecessor's code, optimised with a state deterministic approach. This ensured that the system would not slip into an unknown state. The end result was a 30 channel BMS capable of monitoring, balancing and protecting a 30 cell battery pack connected either in series, parallel or a mixed configuration. The algorithm uses passive balancing based on the maximum and minimum battery reading obtained real time via the monitoring portion of the system. Future recommendations suggested for to this project was to develop the communications aspect of the system or to test other types of cell balancing techniques.Master of Science (Power Engineering

Recent advances in non-noble metal-based bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall seawater splitting

Since seawater is one of the most abundant resources on earth, seawater electrolysis is becoming increasingly attractive for clean energy/hydrogen production. Although significant progress has been made recently, it is still challenging to obtain bifunctional electrocatalysts with high catalytic activity and durability suitable for seawater electrolysis because of the scarcity of precious metals and inadequate state-of-the-art materials for the overall reaction. The development of high-performance bifunctional electrocatalysts is crucial to the commercialization of overall seawater electrolysis and in this review, the mechanism and challenges of seawater electrolysis are introduced. Optimization strategies for different types of non-noble-metal-based electrocatalysts including structural regulation, interface regulation, doping regulation, in situ assembly, alloying, and amorphization are summarized to elucidate the relationship among composition, structure, and properties. Finally, the challenge and prospective for future development of non-noble-metal-based bifunctional catalysts are discussed. This paper aims at providing guidance and insights into the rational design of highly efficient catalytic materials for practical seawater splitting

Table_3_Clinical effectiveness of nimodipine for the prevention of poor outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis.DOC

ObjectiveIn clinical practice, nimodipine is used to control cerebral vasospasm (CVS), which is one of the major causes of severe disability and mortality in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). However, the exact efficacy of nimodipine use for patients with aSAH is still controversial due to the lack of sufficient and up-to-date evidence.MethodsIn this meta-analysis, the latest databases of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed-Medline, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and OVID-Medline were comprehensively searched for retrieving all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the efficacy of nimodipine in patients with aSAH. The primary outcome was a poor outcome, and the secondary outcomes were mortality and cerebral vasospasm (CVS). After detailed statistical analysis of different outcome variables, further evidence quality evaluation and recommendation grade assessment were carried out.ResultsApproximately 13 RCTs met the inclusion criteria, and a total of 1,727 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that a poor outcome was significantly reduced in the nimodipine group [RR, 0.69 (0.60–0.78); I2 = 29%]. Moreover, nimodipine also dramatically decreased the mortality [RR, 0.50 (0.32–0.78); I2 = 62%] and the incidence of CVS [RR, 0.68 (0.46–0.99); I2 = 57%]. Remarkably, we found a poor outcome and mortality were both significantly lower among patients with aSAH, with the mean age ConclusionNimodipine can significantly reduce the incidence of a poor outcome, mortality, and CVS in patients with aSAH. Moreover, we strongly recommend that patients with aSAH, especially those younger than 50 years old, should use nimodipine as early as possible in order to achieve a better clinical outcome, whether oral medication or endovascular direct medication.Systematic review registrationwww.york.ac.uk/inst/crd, identifier: CRD42022334619.</p

Table_5_Clinical effectiveness of nimodipine for the prevention of poor outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis.DOC

ObjectiveIn clinical practice, nimodipine is used to control cerebral vasospasm (CVS), which is one of the major causes of severe disability and mortality in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). However, the exact efficacy of nimodipine use for patients with aSAH is still controversial due to the lack of sufficient and up-to-date evidence.MethodsIn this meta-analysis, the latest databases of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed-Medline, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and OVID-Medline were comprehensively searched for retrieving all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the efficacy of nimodipine in patients with aSAH. The primary outcome was a poor outcome, and the secondary outcomes were mortality and cerebral vasospasm (CVS). After detailed statistical analysis of different outcome variables, further evidence quality evaluation and recommendation grade assessment were carried out.ResultsApproximately 13 RCTs met the inclusion criteria, and a total of 1,727 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that a poor outcome was significantly reduced in the nimodipine group [RR, 0.69 (0.60–0.78); I2 = 29%]. Moreover, nimodipine also dramatically decreased the mortality [RR, 0.50 (0.32–0.78); I2 = 62%] and the incidence of CVS [RR, 0.68 (0.46–0.99); I2 = 57%]. Remarkably, we found a poor outcome and mortality were both significantly lower among patients with aSAH, with the mean age ConclusionNimodipine can significantly reduce the incidence of a poor outcome, mortality, and CVS in patients with aSAH. Moreover, we strongly recommend that patients with aSAH, especially those younger than 50 years old, should use nimodipine as early as possible in order to achieve a better clinical outcome, whether oral medication or endovascular direct medication.Systematic review registrationwww.york.ac.uk/inst/crd, identifier: CRD42022334619.</p

Table_1_Clinical effectiveness of nimodipine for the prevention of poor outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis.DOC

ObjectiveIn clinical practice, nimodipine is used to control cerebral vasospasm (CVS), which is one of the major causes of severe disability and mortality in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). However, the exact efficacy of nimodipine use for patients with aSAH is still controversial due to the lack of sufficient and up-to-date evidence.MethodsIn this meta-analysis, the latest databases of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed-Medline, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and OVID-Medline were comprehensively searched for retrieving all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the efficacy of nimodipine in patients with aSAH. The primary outcome was a poor outcome, and the secondary outcomes were mortality and cerebral vasospasm (CVS). After detailed statistical analysis of different outcome variables, further evidence quality evaluation and recommendation grade assessment were carried out.ResultsApproximately 13 RCTs met the inclusion criteria, and a total of 1,727 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that a poor outcome was significantly reduced in the nimodipine group [RR, 0.69 (0.60–0.78); I2 = 29%]. Moreover, nimodipine also dramatically decreased the mortality [RR, 0.50 (0.32–0.78); I2 = 62%] and the incidence of CVS [RR, 0.68 (0.46–0.99); I2 = 57%]. Remarkably, we found a poor outcome and mortality were both significantly lower among patients with aSAH, with the mean age ConclusionNimodipine can significantly reduce the incidence of a poor outcome, mortality, and CVS in patients with aSAH. Moreover, we strongly recommend that patients with aSAH, especially those younger than 50 years old, should use nimodipine as early as possible in order to achieve a better clinical outcome, whether oral medication or endovascular direct medication.Systematic review registrationwww.york.ac.uk/inst/crd, identifier: CRD42022334619.</p

Table_4_Clinical effectiveness of nimodipine for the prevention of poor outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis.DOCX

ObjectiveIn clinical practice, nimodipine is used to control cerebral vasospasm (CVS), which is one of the major causes of severe disability and mortality in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). However, the exact efficacy of nimodipine use for patients with aSAH is still controversial due to the lack of sufficient and up-to-date evidence.MethodsIn this meta-analysis, the latest databases of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed-Medline, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and OVID-Medline were comprehensively searched for retrieving all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the efficacy of nimodipine in patients with aSAH. The primary outcome was a poor outcome, and the secondary outcomes were mortality and cerebral vasospasm (CVS). After detailed statistical analysis of different outcome variables, further evidence quality evaluation and recommendation grade assessment were carried out.ResultsApproximately 13 RCTs met the inclusion criteria, and a total of 1,727 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that a poor outcome was significantly reduced in the nimodipine group [RR, 0.69 (0.60–0.78); I2 = 29%]. Moreover, nimodipine also dramatically decreased the mortality [RR, 0.50 (0.32–0.78); I2 = 62%] and the incidence of CVS [RR, 0.68 (0.46–0.99); I2 = 57%]. Remarkably, we found a poor outcome and mortality were both significantly lower among patients with aSAH, with the mean age ConclusionNimodipine can significantly reduce the incidence of a poor outcome, mortality, and CVS in patients with aSAH. Moreover, we strongly recommend that patients with aSAH, especially those younger than 50 years old, should use nimodipine as early as possible in order to achieve a better clinical outcome, whether oral medication or endovascular direct medication.Systematic review registrationwww.york.ac.uk/inst/crd, identifier: CRD42022334619.</p

Table_6_Clinical effectiveness of nimodipine for the prevention of poor outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis.DOC

ObjectiveIn clinical practice, nimodipine is used to control cerebral vasospasm (CVS), which is one of the major causes of severe disability and mortality in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). However, the exact efficacy of nimodipine use for patients with aSAH is still controversial due to the lack of sufficient and up-to-date evidence.MethodsIn this meta-analysis, the latest databases of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed-Medline, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and OVID-Medline were comprehensively searched for retrieving all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the efficacy of nimodipine in patients with aSAH. The primary outcome was a poor outcome, and the secondary outcomes were mortality and cerebral vasospasm (CVS). After detailed statistical analysis of different outcome variables, further evidence quality evaluation and recommendation grade assessment were carried out.ResultsApproximately 13 RCTs met the inclusion criteria, and a total of 1,727 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that a poor outcome was significantly reduced in the nimodipine group [RR, 0.69 (0.60–0.78); I2 = 29%]. Moreover, nimodipine also dramatically decreased the mortality [RR, 0.50 (0.32–0.78); I2 = 62%] and the incidence of CVS [RR, 0.68 (0.46–0.99); I2 = 57%]. Remarkably, we found a poor outcome and mortality were both significantly lower among patients with aSAH, with the mean age ConclusionNimodipine can significantly reduce the incidence of a poor outcome, mortality, and CVS in patients with aSAH. Moreover, we strongly recommend that patients with aSAH, especially those younger than 50 years old, should use nimodipine as early as possible in order to achieve a better clinical outcome, whether oral medication or endovascular direct medication.Systematic review registrationwww.york.ac.uk/inst/crd, identifier: CRD42022334619.</p

Table_2_Clinical effectiveness of nimodipine for the prevention of poor outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis.DOC

ObjectiveIn clinical practice, nimodipine is used to control cerebral vasospasm (CVS), which is one of the major causes of severe disability and mortality in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). However, the exact efficacy of nimodipine use for patients with aSAH is still controversial due to the lack of sufficient and up-to-date evidence.MethodsIn this meta-analysis, the latest databases of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed-Medline, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and OVID-Medline were comprehensively searched for retrieving all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the efficacy of nimodipine in patients with aSAH. The primary outcome was a poor outcome, and the secondary outcomes were mortality and cerebral vasospasm (CVS). After detailed statistical analysis of different outcome variables, further evidence quality evaluation and recommendation grade assessment were carried out.ResultsApproximately 13 RCTs met the inclusion criteria, and a total of 1,727 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that a poor outcome was significantly reduced in the nimodipine group [RR, 0.69 (0.60–0.78); I2 = 29%]. Moreover, nimodipine also dramatically decreased the mortality [RR, 0.50 (0.32–0.78); I2 = 62%] and the incidence of CVS [RR, 0.68 (0.46–0.99); I2 = 57%]. Remarkably, we found a poor outcome and mortality were both significantly lower among patients with aSAH, with the mean age ConclusionNimodipine can significantly reduce the incidence of a poor outcome, mortality, and CVS in patients with aSAH. Moreover, we strongly recommend that patients with aSAH, especially those younger than 50 years old, should use nimodipine as early as possible in order to achieve a better clinical outcome, whether oral medication or endovascular direct medication.Systematic review registrationwww.york.ac.uk/inst/crd, identifier: CRD42022334619.</p