Towards a precision immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer: Strategies and perspectives

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TH9, TH17, and TH22 cell subsets and their main cytokine products in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer

In recent years, several newly identified T helper (TH) cell subsets, such as TH9, TH17, and TH22 cells, and their respective cytokine products, IL-9, IL-17, and IL-22, have been reported to play critical roles in the development of chronic inflammation in the colorectum. Since chronic inflammation is a potent driving force for the development of human colorectal cancer (CRC), the contributions of TH9/IL-9, TH17/IL-17, and TH22/IL-22 in the pathogenesis of CRC have recently become an increasingly popular area of scientific investigation. Extensive laboratory and clinical evidence suggests a positive relationship between these new TH subsets and the growth and formation of CRC, whereas, administration of IL-9, IL-17, and IL-22 signaling inhibitors can significantly alter the formation of colorectal chronic inflammation or CRC lesions in animal models, suggesting that blocking these cytokine signals might represent promising immunotherapeutic strategies. This review summarizes recent findings and currently available data for understanding the vital role and therapeutic significance of TH9/IL-9, TH17/IL-17, and TH22/IL-22 in the development of colorectal tumorigenesis.publishedVersio

The mechanisms leading to distinct responses to PD-1/PD-L1 blockades in colorectal cancers with different MSI statuses

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A Systematic Review of Epidemiology and Risk Factors Associated With Chinese Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Background: Recent epidemiological data have revealed a dramatically rising prevalence and incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) in Mainland China, a rapidly growing industrialized region, over the last two decades.Objectives: We performed a systematic review to investigate the changing trends in the incidence of IBD in Mainland China and summarized the recent findings in risk factors associated with Chinese IBD.Methods: Relevant references were obtained from an electronic database search via MEDLINE and EMBASE (for English literatures), the China Academic Journals Full-text Database (CJFD) and the China Science Periodical Database (CSPD) in Wanfang Data (for Chinese literatures).Results: Total 1,584 abstracts in Chinese and 171 abstracts in English were collected. Eight full-text with epidemiological data, 25 with risk factor data in Chinese and 7 full-text with epidemiological data, 12 with risk factor data in English were finally identified and included for analysis. Data from included epidemiological studies has showed a striking increase in the incidence rate of IBD in Mainland China over time, and current incidence rates for IBD, UC, and CD were 1.80 (IBD), 1.33 (UC), and 0.46/1,000,000 (CD), though it varies among regions and ethnic minority populations. In addition, several risk factors including environmental factors, diet, intestinal infectious agents, hygiene, stress, and lifestyle have been reported to be associated with the increased incidence of Chinese IBD.Conclusion: This systematic review revealed an increased incidence of IBD in Mainland China. Although it is still lower than that in the Western world, however, China has a huge population; therefore, the total number of IBD patients might not be so little as previously thought and the disease burden of IBD in China is likely underestimated.HIGHLIGHTSRecent epidemiological data have revealed a dramatically rising prevalence and incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in Mainland China, a rapidly growing industrialized region, over the last two decades.This systematic review based on recent epidemiological data has revealed a striking increase in the incidence rate of IBD in Mainland China, though it varies among regions and ethnic minority populations.Several potential risk factors of IBD including environmental factors, diet, intestinal infectious agents, hygiene, stress, and lifestyle have been reported to be associated with the increased incidence of Chinese IBD.This systematic review on epidemiologic and risk factor studies has expanded understanding of the occurrence, distribution, geographic variance and risk factors of Chinese IBD and will provide clinicians important information in understanding current status of IBD in Mainland China

Occurrences and phenotypes of RIPK3-positive gastric cells in Helicobacter pylori infected gastritis and atrophic lesions

Author's accepted version (postprint).This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Elsevier in Digestive and Liver Disease on 02/05/2022.Available online: https://www.dldjournalonline.com/article/S1590-8658(22)00258-4/fulltextacceptedVersio

Evaluation of absolute quantitation by nonlinear regression in probe-based real-time PCR

BACKGROUND: In real-time PCR data analysis, the cycle threshold (CT) method is currently the gold standard. This method is based on an assumption of equal PCR efficiency in all reactions, and precision may suffer if this condition is not met. Nonlinear regression analysis (NLR) or curve fitting has therefore been suggested as an alternative to the cycle threshold method for absolute quantitation. The advantages of NLR are that the individual sample efficiency is simulated by the model and that absolute quantitation is possible without a standard curve, releasing reaction wells for unknown samples. However, the calculation method has not been evaluated systematically and has not previously been applied to a TaqMan platform. Aim: To develop and evaluate an automated NLR algorithm capable of generating batch production regression analysis. RESULTS: Total RNA samples extracted from human gastric mucosa were reverse transcribed and analysed for TNFA, IL18 and ACTB by TaqMan real-time PCR. Fluorescence data were analysed by the regular CT method with a standard curve, and by NLR with a positive control for conversion of fluorescence intensity to copy number, and for this purpose an automated algorithm was written in SPSS syntax. Eleven separate regression models were tested, and the output data was subjected to Altman-Bland analysis. The Altman-Bland analysis showed that the best regression model yielded quantitative data with an intra-assay variation of 58% vs. 24% for the CT derived copy numbers, and with a mean inter-method deviation of × 0.8. CONCLUSION: NLR can be automated for batch production analysis, but the CT method is more precise for absolute quantitation in the present setting. The observed inter-method deviation is an indication that assessment of the fluorescence conversion factor used in the regression method can be improved. However, the versatility depends on the level of precision required, and in some settings the increased cost effectiveness of NLR may justify the lower precision

Bioscience learning in nursing : A cross-sectional survey of beginning nursing students in Norway

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The expression of RIPK3 is associated with cell turnover of gastric mucosa in the mouse and human stomach

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Nanoparticles as drug delivery systems in the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma: current status and recent progression

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common human malignancy with an estimated incidence of around 377,713 new cases worldwide in 2020. Despite the advance in clinical management, some of OSCC patients still miss the opportunity of completable resection of tumor, and have to accept medical therapies, e.g., chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy when the disease develops into the advanced stage. However, these therapies have been reported to be far from ideal due to the low efficiency of conventional delivery approaches. To obtain a better therapeutic effect, considerable attempts have been made toward to develop an effective drug delivery system (DDS). Nanoparticles (NPs) including inorganic NPs, polymer NPs, lipid NP, extracellular vesicles and cell membrane-based NPs have been evaluated as the better DDS candidates that can specifically accumulate in the tumor microenvironment along with a large amount of blood vessels. Emerging evidence suggested that NPs formulated with anticancer drugs including chemotherapeutic drugs, radiotherapy and immunotarget antibodies could remarkably improve the release and increase concentration of these drugs at the tumor site and show a better therapeutic efficacy, suggesting that NPs might serve as promising DDSs in the treatment of OSCC. Therefore, we have conducted this review to summarize recent progression and current status of diverse NPs as DDSs in this research field

Dynamic stromal cellular reaction throughout human colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence : A role of TH17/IL-17A

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