Nutritional value of canola expellers produced "on farm" by cold extraction of oil used as bio fuel

General aim of this thesis was to study canola expellers (CE) extracted by cold pressing in a small plant (on farm) and to evaluate the validity to use this by-product in ruminant feeding. The thesis includes the results of four experimental contributes: the first one aimed to evaluate the stability of CE at different times and temperatures of storage in order to determine if the conditions usually found in the farms, especially during the hot season, can result in changes in fatty acids profile and in some oxidative parameters. Results found that under different temperatures (12, 24, and 36°C) and times of storage (10, 20, and 30 d), CE maintained a good oxidative stability, as evidenced by low peroxide values (< 10 mEq/kg fat) in all samples collected, by negative response for Kreis test and by low changes in fatty acids profile. From these results it could be hypothesized that the storage of these by-products did not change the characteristics of the lipid fraction. In the second contribute in vitro gas production (GP) values obtained from the incubation of CE, whole soybean seed (WSS) and soybean meal (SBM) were compared, incubating feed samples with two media containing N-rich buffer or N-free buffer, in order to compare the effect of the availability of feed as unique protein source. Results of the experiment showed that CE is an easily degradable protein source. In the first hours of incubation with limiting N availability, higher gas production was recorded compared to the two soybeans. On this basis, CE could be interesting in diets at low protein content, currently suggested in order to reduce nitrogen excretion. No toxic effects on the microbial yield were observed during the fermentation of the three different feeds. The third contribute compared four diets formulated for beef cattle, based on corn silage and containing WSS or CE as protein sources at two different inclusion levels, in order to obtain 15 and 11 % CP of DM in the diets. Diets were tested using Rusitec fermenter. Compared to WSS, CE provided greater NDF degradability (P < 0.01), produced less acetate and propionate (P < 0.001) but more butyrate and branched-chain VFA. The total VFA production was similar for the two protein sources. With regard to nitrogen balance, CE showed greater 15N enrichment in the non-ammonia N (P < 0.01) and nominally lower values of microbial N derived from ammonia compared to WSS (P = 0.06). At high inclusion level, the 15N enrichments for ammonia N, non-ammonia N and total bacteria N were also greater than observed at low inclusion levels (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the two feeds showed different fermentation patterns. The manipulation of dietary protein level seemed to lead primarily to a variation of bypass protein, without effects on the synthesis of microbial N. In the fourth contribute the same diets tested in Rusitec fermenter (third contribute) were evaluated using RF system (Ankom Technology, Macedon, NY, USA) in order to evaluate their gas production kinetics. Results showed that both NDFd and TDMd values were greater (P<0.05) for CE diets compared to WSS, confirming the results obtained with Rusitec and as expected were lower (P=0.04) for L compared to H diets. Compared to WSS, CE inclusion in the diets increased the rate of GP (P<0.05;) but did not affect the total amount of GP. The reduction of CP level in the diets from 15 to 11% decreased the rate of GP without effects on total GP. Ammonia content increased (P<0.01), as expected, with the level of dietary CP. In conclusion, when diets with low CE levels are used, the inclusion of rapeseed cake in replacement to soybean seeds could improve the rate of degradation during the first hours of fermentation. In general CE obtained by cold extraction on farm could be an interesting feed in ruminant feeding with economical and environmental benefits

Bellefontaine – Au-delà de l’eau, rue Vieille

Une campagne de sondages d’évaluation fut réalisée durant trois mois (d’avril à juin) dans un grand terrain de 4 000 m2 qui est limité, au sud par le prolongement de la rue Abraham (actuelle rue de la Source), au nord et à l’est, par la Vieille-Rue. Ces travaux permirent de retrouver les vestiges d’une maison figurant sur un plan dressé au milieu du xviiie s. et mirent en évidence un alignement de bâtiments antérieurs, au sud du terrain. Le bilan de cette opération est à la fois décevant et p..

Bellefontaine – Chemin vicinal no 3, rue des Sablons

Au cours du mois d’août, le creusement d’un bassin d’agrément dans le jardin d’une vieille ferme sise 8 rue des Sablons à Bellefontaine (en bordure de l’ancienne rue de Brenc dont le nom tomba en désuétude après la Révolution ; elle fut rebaptisée « des Sablons ») provoqua la mise au jour d’une sépulture et de vestiges d’occupation divers, dont une grande tessonnière. Avertis de cette découverte par les propriétaires, M. et Mme Dargère, et grâce à la compréhension et au soutien amical de la f..

Isolation performance metrics for personal sound zone reproduction systems

Two isolation performance metrics, Inter-Zone Isolation (IZI) and Inter-Program Isolation (IPI), are introduced for evaluating Personal Sound Zone (PSZ) systems. Compared to the commonly-used Acoustic Contrast metric, IZI and IPI are generalized for multichannel audio, and quantify the isolation of sound zones and of audio programs, respectively. The two metrics are shown to be generally non-interchangeable and suitable for different scenarios, such as generating dark zones (IZI) or minimizing audio-on-audio interference (IPI). Furthermore, two examples with free-field simulations are presented and demonstrate the applications of IZI and IPI in evaluating PSZ performance in different rendering modes and PSZ robustness

Fosses – 2 rue de la Mairie

La Société d’économie mixte intercommunale (SEMINTER) acquit récemment une ancienne ferme sise 2 rue de la Mairie, au cœur du village de Fosses, et nous avisa d’un projet immobilier à moyen terme sur son emplacement. Cette ferme, dite ferme Laforest, dont les bâtiments et la cour occupent une surface d’environ 700 m2, est située à proximité immédiate des 1er et 10e secteurs de production céramique étudiés précédemment à Fosses. Il semblait donc très probable qu’un ou plusieurs ateliers de pot..

Effect of Pressing and Combination of Three Storage Temperatures and Times on Chemical Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Canola Expellers

This experiment investigated the effects of combinations of three temperatures and storage times on chemical composition, fatty acid profile, and oxidative stability of canola expellers obtained from the cold-pressing extraction of oil. Canola seeds were single-crushed at moderate temperatures (60°C) during 3 pressing sessions. Nine samples (100±1 g) of each session were collected, inserted into sealed bags, stored at three temperatures (12, 24, 36°C) over 3 periods of time (10, 20, 30 d). Then, samples (100±1 g) of canola seeds collected before each pressing session and canola expellers collected before and after each storage time were analyzed for chemical composition, fatty acid profile, peroxide number and Kreis test. Before storage, the fatty acid profile of canola seeds and expellers differed significantly, except for myristic (P=0.18), palmitic (P=0.57), oleic (P=0.07), and α-linolenic acids (P=0.45). Compared to canola seeds, expellers showed greater content of saturated, poly-unsaturated, and n-6 fatty acids (P<0.01), but a lower content of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (P<0.01). Peroxide values were definitely (P<0.01) greater for expellers and averaged 4.22 and 4.11 mEq/kg fat before and after storage, respectively. The Kreis test was negative for all samples. Under different temperatures and times of storage, canola expellers showed to maintain a good oxidative stability, as highlighted by low peroxide values (<10 mEq/kg fat) and negative response for Kreis test. Canola expellers obtained by on-farm cold extraction, despite great oil residual (from 17 to 19% ether extracts on dry matter basis), can be stored at farm without significant chemical and nutritional changes

Wild boar diet and its implications on agriculture and biodiversity in Brazilian forest–grassland ecoregions

Wild boar diet and its implications on agriculture and biodiversity in Brazilian forest–grassland ecoregions. We aimed to describe the composition of Sus scrofa diet in three Brazilian ecoregions characterized by a mosaic of forests and grasslands: Pampa, Araucaria Forest and Pantanal. We evaluated the possible risks that the species may represent for agriculture and conservation of biodiversity by analyzing the stomach content of 118 boars. We examined dietary patterns in each ecoregion using PCA (principal component analysis) and verified how diet varies according to individual attributes through redundancy analysis. We visualized the composition of macronutrients in a multidimensional space by means of RMT (right–angled mixture triangle). The wild boars presented a diverse diet, influenced by season, time of day, and local availability of resources. Cultivated grains and herbs were the most commonly consumed items, leading to a high carbohydrate intake. Damage to agriculture is potentially high given the large consumption of cultivated grains. Population growth and expansion may be limited by the low availability of protein in the ecoregions

Efeito do uso do solo na abundância sazonal de pombas-de-bando (Zenaida auriculata) no sudoeste do Brasil

Changes at the landscape scale associated with expansion in agricultural land use and changes in agricultural practices are common causes of alteration in patterns of abundance and composition of avian communities. Eared Dove (Zenaida auriculata - Des Murs, 1847) is among the most common species in the Neotropics, considered both as game and pest in some countries. Here we characterized the regional and seasonal patterns of Eared Doves abundance in Southwestern Brazil and examined the relationship between landscape features and these abundance patterns. We counted Eared Doves using the point count system along routes in summer and winter and recorded land use at two scales. We used linear regressions to model the effect of landscape matrix and land use at local scale with Doves abundance in two seasons. At the landscape scale, in winter, the abundance was greater in routes crossing landscapes dominated by plantations. In summer, it was lower in routes with large tracts of forests and mixed farming. While in winter, at the local scale, the Doves abundance was greater in routes with higher frequency of maize plantations, in summer higher abundances were observed in routes with higher frequency of sugar cane and soybean plantations. Agricultural settings, which include both sustained production of food in the form of grains as well as and large stretches of habitat suitable for reproduction, favor large population of Eared Doves.Mudanças em escala de paisagem associadas à expansão das áreas destinadas à agricultura e às mudanças nas práticas agrícolas são consideradas importantes causas de alterações nos padrões de composição das comunidades de aves. A pomba-de-bando (Zenaida auriculata - Des Murs, 1847) é uma espécie comum na região Neotropical, sendo considerada tanto um recurso cinegético quanto uma peste agrícola em alguns países. Neste trabalho nós caracterizamos os padrões regionais e sazonais de distribuição populacional de pombas-de-bando em áreas agrícolas do sudoeste do Brasil e examinamos a relação entre características da paisagem e padrões de abundância de pombas. Coletamos os dados em transecções com pontos de contagem, alocados em estradas vicinais, percorridas no verão e no inverno. Utilizamos dados sobre as características da paisagem em duas escalas. Através de análises de regressões lineares modelamos o efeito da paisagem e do uso da terra na abundância de pombas nas duas estações. Na escala da paisagem, no inverno, a abundância foi maior em áreas com predomínio de agricultura. No verão a abundância foi menor em áreas com grandes extensões de florestas e agropecuária. Em relação ao uso do solo, no inverno a abundância de pombas foi maior em regiões com maior frequência de plantações de milho, enquanto no verão, a maior abundância esteve associada à maior frequência de cana-de-açúcar e soja. As paisagens agrícolas que apresentaram tanto produção de alimentos sob a forma de grãos quanto grandes extensões de habitat para a reprodução, como a cana-de-açúcar, favoreceram a ocorrência grandes populações de pombas-de-bando no sudoeste do Brasil

Survivorship and yield of a harvested population of Forsteronia glabrescens

The exploitation of non-timber forest products may be an opportunity to reconcile the utilization of biological resources with biodiversity conservation. In Southern Brazil, the exploitation of liana stems for handicraft makes up an important part of the income of indigenous Kaingang people. In this study we evaluated the effects of stem harvesting on the survivorship of Forsteronia glabrescens Müll.Arg, the most exploited liana species in the region. We marked and monitored the survivorship, sprouting, changes in stem diameter and resource yield in control and harvested plots with two different resting times–six and twelve months. We associated variables of interest with individual attributes, harvesting regime and vegetation descriptors through linear mixed modelling. Survivorship and resource yield were lower in the harvested groups than in the control group, although the mean stem diameter was higher. Plants with larger stem diameter presented higher survival odds. Either six or twelve months of resting between harvests were not sufficient to recompose the yield and compensate mortality. Harvesting twice a year increases yield but reduces survivorship. Our results point that the sustainable exploitation of F. glabrescens require either large areas, low pressure or resting periods longer than the ones we tested

Metodologia U-PB em zircão com o uso de LAM-MC-ICPMS

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