Estados fallidos: ¿amenaza global o regional?

Failed States have been understood as a global threat by virtue of the terrorist groups that emerge and consolidate in their interior, where they are supposed to plan international actions. This document, however, delimits the impact of the state failure to regional confines, inasmuch as the neighboring countries of a failed State are the ones that, through their borders, see their internal dynamics modified due to two main factors: the illegal traffic caused by the absence of effective controls on the part of the State, and the large quantities of refugees that cross the borders closest to their failed place of origin and settle in nearby countries. Therefore, it is refuted in good measure the idea that repercussions of the failure of some States, bring the invariable consequence of a terrorist attack of global dimensions; instead, it is a matter of recognizing that their regional neighbors are the ones that are impacted by the anomalies of the Failed States.Los Estados fallidos han sido entendidos como una amenaza global en virtud de los grupos terroristas que emergen y se consolidan en su interior, desde donde se supone planean acciones internacionales. El presente documento, sin embargo, deslinda el impacto de la falla estatal al ámbito regional, como quiera que son los países vecinos de un Estado fallido los que, a través de sus fronteras, ven modificadas sus dinámicas internas debido a dos factores principales: los tráficos ilegales causados por la ausencia de controles efectivos por parte del Estado, y las grandes cantidades de refugiados que cruzan las fronteras más inmediatas de su fallido lugar de origen y se asientan en los países más cercanos. Por tanto, se desmiente en buena medida la idea según la cual la repercusión del fracaso de algunos Estados trae consigo la invariable consecuencia de un ataque terrorista de dimensiones globales, más bien se trata de reconocer que son sus vecinos regionales los que resultan impactados por sus anomalías

Mitochondrial transplantation rescues neuronal cells from ferroptosis

Ferroptosis is a type of oxidative cell death that can occur in neurodegenerative diseases and involves damage to mitochondria. Previous studies demonstrated that preventing mitochondrial dysfunction can rescue cells from ferroptotic cell death. However, the complexity of mitochondrial dysfunction and the timing of therapeutic interventions make it difficult to develop an effective treatment strategy against ferroptosis in neurodegeneration conditions. In this study, we explored the use of mitochondrial transplantation as a novel therapeutic approach for preventing ferroptotic neuronal cell death. Our data showed that isolated exogenous mitochondria were incorporated into both healthy and ferroptotic immortalized hippocampal HT-22 cells and primary cortical neurons (PCN). The mitochondrial incorporation was accompanied by increased metabolic activity and cell survival through attenuating lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial superoxide production. Further, the function of mitochondrial complexes I, III and V activities contributed to the neuroprotective activity of exogenous mitochondria. Similarly, we have also showed the internalization of exogenous mitochondria in mouse PCN; these internalized mitochondria were found to effectively preserve the neuronal networks when challenged with ferroptotic stimuli. The administration of exogenous mitochondria into the axonal compartment of a two-compartment microfluidic device induced mitochondrial transportation to the cell body, which prevented fragmentation of the neuronal network in ferroptotic PCN. These findings suggest that mitochondria transplantation may be a promising therapeutic approach for protecting neuronal cells from ferroptotic cell death.</p

ESTADOS FALLIDOS: ¿AMENAZA GLOBAL O REGIONAL?

Los Estados fallidos han sido entendidos como una amenaza global en virtud de los grupos terroristas que emergen y se consolidan en su interior, desde donde se supone planean acciones internacionales. El presente documento, sin embargo, deslinda el impacto de la falla estatal al ámbito regional, como quiera que son los países vecinos de un Estado fallido los que, a través de sus fronteras, ven modificadas sus dinámicas internas debido a dos factores principales: los tráficos ilegales causados por la ausencia de controles efectivos por parte del Estado, y las grandes cantidades de refugiados que cruzan las fronteras más inmediatas de su fallido lugar de origen y se asientan en los países más cercanos. Por tanto, se desmiente en buena medida la idea según la cual la repercusión del fracaso de algunos Estados trae consigo la invariable consecuencia de un ataque terrorista de dimensiones globales, más bien se trata de reconocer que son sus vecinos regionales los que resultan impactados por sus anomalías.Failed States have been understood as a global threat by virtue of the terrorist groups that emerge and consolidate in their interior, where they are supposed to plan international actions. This document, however, delimits the impact of the state failure to regional confines, inasmuch as the neighboring countries of a failed State are the ones that, through their borders, see their internal dynamics modified due to two main factors: the illegal traffic caused by the absence of effective controls on the part of the State, and the large quantities of refugees that cross the borders closest to their failed place of origin and settle in nearby countries. Therefore, it is refuted in good measure the idea that repercussions of the failure of some States, bring the invariable consequence of a terrorist attack of global dimensions; instead, it is a matter of recognizing that their regional neighbors are the ones that are impacted by the anomalies of the Failed States

Estados fallidos: ¿amenaza global o regional?

Failed States have been understood as a global threat by virtue of the terrorist groups that emerge and consolidate in their interior, where they are supposed to plan international actions. This document, however, delimits the impact of the state failure to regional confines, inasmuch as the neighboring countries of a failed State are the ones that, through their borders, see their internal dynamics modified due to two main factors: the illegal traffic caused by the absence of effective controls on the part of the State, and the large quantities of refugees that cross the borders closest to their failed place of origin and settle in nearby countries. Therefore, it is refuted in good measure the idea that repercussions of the failure of some States, bring the invariable consequence of a terrorist attack of global dimensions; instead, it is a matter of recognizing that their regional neighbors are the ones that are impacted by the anomalies of the Failed States.Los Estados fallidos han sido entendidos como una amenaza global en virtud de los grupos terroristas que emergen y se consolidan en su interior, desde donde se supone planean acciones internacionales. El presente documento, sin embargo, deslinda el impacto de la falla estatal al ámbito regional, como quiera que son los países vecinos de un Estado fallido los que, a través de sus fronteras, ven modificadas sus dinámicas internas debido a dos factores principales: los tráficos ilegales causados por la ausencia de controles efectivos por parte del Estado, y las grandes cantidades de refugiados que cruzan las fronteras más inmediatas de su fallido lugar de origen y se asientan en los países más cercanos. Por tanto, se desmiente en buena medida la idea según la cual la repercusión del fracaso de algunos Estados trae consigo la invariable consecuencia de un ataque terrorista de dimensiones globales, más bien se trata de reconocer que son sus vecinos regionales los que resultan impactados por sus anomalías

ESTADOS FALLIDOS: ¿AMENAZA GLOBAL O REGIONAL?

Los Estados fallidos han sido entendidos como una amenaza global en virtud de los grupos terroristas que emergen y se consolidan en su interior, desde donde se supone planean acciones internacionales. El presente documento, sin embargo, deslinda el impacto de la falla estatal al ámbito regional, como quiera que son los países vecinos de un Estado fallido los que, a través de sus fronteras, ven modificadas sus dinámicas internas debido a dos factores principales: los tráficos ilegales causados por la ausencia de controles efectivos por parte del Estado, y las grandes cantidades de refugiados que cruzan las fronteras más inmediatas de su fallido lugar de origen y se asientan en los países más cercanos. Por tanto, se desmiente en buena medida la idea según la cual la repercusión del fracaso de algunos Estados trae consigo la invariable consecuencia de un ataque terrorista de dimensiones globales, más bien se trata de reconocer que son sus vecinos regionales los que resultan impactados por sus anomalías.Failed States have been understood as a global threat by virtue of the terrorist groups that emerge and consolidate in their interior, where they are supposed to plan international actions. This document, however, delimits the impact of the state failure to regional confines, inasmuch as the neighboring countries of a failed State are the ones that, through their borders, see their internal dynamics modified due to two main factors: the illegal traffic caused by the absence of effective controls on the part of the State, and the large quantities of refugees that cross the borders closest to their failed place of origin and settle in nearby countries. Therefore, it is refuted in good measure the idea that repercussions of the failure of some States, bring the invariable consequence of a terrorist attack of global dimensions; instead, it is a matter of recognizing that their regional neighbors are the ones that are impacted by the anomalies of the Failed States

Locating Peace Through Commerce in Good Global Governance

broker, global governance, Peace Through Commerce,