Varieties of truth definitions

We study the structure of the partial order induced by the definability relation on definitions of truth for the language of arithmetic. Formally, a definition of truth is any sentence $\alpha$ which extends a weak arithmetical theory (which we take to be EA) such that for some formula $\Theta$ and any arithmetical sentence $\varphi$, $\Theta(\ulcorner\varphi\urcorner)\equiv \varphi$ is provable in $\alpha$. We say that a sentence $\beta$ is definable in a sentence $\alpha$, if there exists an unrelativized translation from the language of $\beta$ to the language of $\alpha$ which is identity on the arithmetical symbols and such that the translation of $\beta$ is provable in $\alpha$. Our main result is that the structure consisting of truth definitions which are conservative over the basic arithmetical theory forms a countable universal distributive lattice. Additionally, we generalize the result of Pakhomov and Visser showing that the set of (G\"odel codes of) definitions of truth is not $\Sigma_2$-definable in the standard model of arithmetic. We conclude by remarking that no $\Sigma_2$-sentence, satisfying certain further natural conditions, can be a definition of truth for the language of arithmetic

I++ simulator used to support working with coordinate measuring machine

This paper presents examples of usage of Coordinate Measuring Machine simulator, which facilitate metrological tasks in laboratory and industrial conditions, and constitute a great convenience in Coordinate Measuring Technique learning process

Method for Accuracy Assessment of the Length Measurement Unit of Laser Tracking Systems

Laser tracking systems are widely used in large-scale metrology of geometric quantities. Their importance is confirmed by the fact that one of the parts of the ISO 10360 series of standards has been devoted to the issue of assessing their accuracy (ISO 10360-10). A laser tracker is a device whose final measurement result is calculated using indications from various subsystems included in it, such as devices for measuring length and angle. The analysis of these individual impacts can be useful in creating simulation models of accuracy which, in regard to the Industry 4.0 concept, seem to be the most justified in terms of speed of operation and ease of use. For this reason, it may be particularly important to undertake research on the accuracy of this component in isolation from other factors affecting the measurement of the coordinates of the point. The article describes a method that allows separation of the length measurement error from the other components. The method uses a high-accuracy interferometer which is treated as a reference system that allows for the comparison of indications obtained using the tested distance measurement system. Thanks to the proposed method, it is possible to minimize errors from the optical system and other measuring systems. The use of a precise linear guide allows the reduction of errors related to the implementation of linear motion. The article presents the test method and the results obtained from performed experiments, as well as formulates conclusions and the directions of further development

Method for Accuracy Assessment of the Length Measurement Unit of Laser Tracking Systems

Laser tracking systems are widely used in large-scale metrology of geometric quantities. Their importance is confirmed by the fact that one of the parts of the ISO 10360 series of standards has been devoted to the issue of assessing their accuracy (ISO 10360-10). A laser tracker is a device whose final measurement result is calculated using indications from various subsystems included in it, such as devices for measuring length and angle. The analysis of these individual impacts can be useful in creating simulation models of accuracy which, in regard to the Industry 4.0 concept, seem to be the most justified in terms of speed of operation and ease of use. For this reason, it may be particularly important to undertake research on the accuracy of this component in isolation from other factors affecting the measurement of the coordinates of the point. The article describes a method that allows separation of the length measurement error from the other components. The method uses a high-accuracy interferometer which is treated as a reference system that allows for the comparison of indications obtained using the tested distance measurement system. Thanks to the proposed method, it is possible to minimize errors from the optical system and other measuring systems. The use of a precise linear guide allows the reduction of errors related to the implementation of linear motion. The article presents the test method and the results obtained from performed experiments, as well as formulates conclusions and the directions of further development

DETERMINATION OF TEMPERATURE IMPACT ON CMM RESIDUAL KINEMATIC ERRORS DISTRIBUTION

In case of coordinate machines that use CAA correction matrix, the issue of kinematic errors analysis may be based on the determination of residual error distribution. Temperature changes have an impact on CMM kinematic structure, which may cause the differences in the map of residual errors. As for today, the residual errors were analysed only for the reference temperature. No research was undertaken on the residual errors changes depending on the temperature variations. This paper presents the experiment aimed at residual errors analysis and resulting errors distributions for different temperatures

Od zbrodni przez media do wyroku

Every day we read about accidents, crimes, and felonies. Therefore, it is worthwhile thinking like media dazzled with the felony and cruelty, we are changing ourselves, as the narrative in the mass media can influence our mental health and sense of security. It is worthwhile looking at these problems not only from the perspective of the observer and the reader of media news reports , but also the unjustly sentenced, experiencing the effects of the media narrative.Every day we read about accidents, crimes, and felonies. Therefore, it is worthwhile thinking like media dazzled with the felony and cruelty, we are changing ourselves, as the narrative in the mass media can influence our mental health and sense of security. It is worthwhile looking at these problems not only from the perspective of the observer and the reader of media news reports , but also the unjustly sentenced, experiencing the effects of the media narrative

Working on the pediatric palliative ward in the narratives of medical staff

Nowadays the good thing is being healthy, young and beautiful. Suffering, disease, old age and death are pushed to the margins of social life, hidden behind the closed doors of hospitals and nursing homes. A man wants do anything to get away from the situation of confrontation with the fragility of human life. However, there are still people who want to support others with professional activity. The purpose of this article is to present reports on the narrative research about working on the pediatric palliative ward and to show what medical staff is thinking about life, death and themselves