How Usability Defects Defer from Non-Usability Defects? : A Case Study on Open Source Projects

Usability is one of the software qualities attributes that is subjective and often considered as a less critical defect to be fixed. One of the reasons was due to the vague defect descriptions that could not convince developers about the validity of usability issues. Producing a comprehensive usability defect description can be a challenging task, especially in reporting relevant and important information. Prior research in improving defect report comprehension has often focused on defects in general or studied various aspects of software quality improvement such as triaging defect reports, metrics and predictions, automatic defect detection and fixing.  In this paper, we studied 2241 usability and non-usability defects from three open-source projects - Mozilla Thunderbird, Firefox for Android, and Eclipse Platform. We examined the presence of eight defect attributes - steps to reproduce, impact, software context, expected output, actual output, assume cause, solution proposal, and supplementary information, and used various statistical tests to answer the research questions. In general, we found that usability defects are resolved slower than non-usability defects, even for non-usability defect reports that have less information. In terms of defect report content, usability defects often contain output details and software context while non-usability defects are preferably explained using supplementary information, such as stack traces and error logs. Our research findings extend the body of knowledge of software defect reporting, especially in understanding the characteristics of usability defects. The promising results also may be valuable to improve software development practitioners' practice

Binaries in the Kuiper Belt

Binaries have played a crucial role many times in the history of modern astronomy and are doing so again in the rapidly evolving exploration of the Kuiper Belt. The large fraction of transneptunian objects that are binary or multiple, 48 such systems are now known, has been an unanticipated windfall. Separations and relative magnitudes measured in discovery images give important information on the statistical properties of the binary population that can be related to competing models of binary formation. Orbits, derived for 13 systems, provide a determination of the system mass. Masses can be used to derive densities and albedos when an independent size measurement is available. Angular momenta and relative sizes of the majority of binaries are consistent with formation by dynamical capture. The small satellites of the largest transneptunian objects, in contrast, are more likely formed from collisions. Correlations of the fraction of binaries with different dynamical populations or with other physical variables have the potential to constrain models of the origin and evolution of the transneptunian population as a whole. Other means of studying binaries have only begun to be exploited, including lightcurve, color, and spectral data. Because of the several channels for obtaining unique physical information, it is already clear that binaries will emerge as one of the most useful tools for unraveling the many complexities of transneptunian space.Comment: Accepted for inclusion in "The Kuiper Belt", University of Arizona Press, Space Science Series Corrected references in Table

Technical Report: Anomaly Detection for a Critical Industrial System using Context, Logs and Metrics

Recent advances in contextual anomaly detection attempt to combine resource metrics and event logs to un- cover unexpected system behaviors and malfunctions at run- time. These techniques are highly relevant for critical software systems, where monitoring is often mandated by international standards and guidelines. In this technical report, we analyze the effectiveness of a metrics-logs contextual anomaly detection technique in a middleware for Air Traffic Control systems. Our study addresses the challenges of applying such techniques to a new case study with a dense volume of logs, and finer monitoring sampling rate. We propose an automated abstraction approach to infer system activities from dense logs and use regression analysis to infer the anomaly detector. We observed that the detection accuracy is impacted by abrupt changes in resource metrics or when anomalies are asymptomatic in both resource metrics and event logs. Guided by our experimental results, we propose and evaluate several actionable improvements, which include a change detection algorithm and the use of time windows on contextual anomaly detection. This technical report accompanies the paper “Contextual Anomaly Detection for a Critical Industrial System based on Logs and Metrics” [1] and provides further details on the analysis method, case study and experimental results

New near-IR observations of mesospheric CO2 and H2O clouds on Mars

Carbon dioxide clouds, which are speculated by models on solar and extra-solar planets, have been recently observed near the equator of Mars. The most comprehensive identification of Martian CO2 ice clouds has been obtained by the near-IR imaging spectrometer OMEGA. CRISM, a similar instrument with a higher spatial resolution, cannot detect these clouds with the same method due to its shorter wavelength range. Here we present a new method to detect CO2 clouds using near-IR data based on the comparison of H2O and CO2 ice spectral properties. The spatial and seasonal distributions of 54 CRISM observations containing CO2 clouds are reported, in addition to 17 new OMEGA observations. CRISM CO2 clouds are characterized by grain size in the 0.5-2\mum range and optical depths lower than 0.3. The distributions of CO2 clouds inferred from OMEGA and CRISM are consistent with each other and match at first order the distribution of high altitude (>60km) clouds derived from previous studies. At second order, discrepancies are observed. We report the identification of H2O clouds extending up to 80 km altitude, which could explain part of these discrepancies: both CO2 and H2O clouds can exist at high, mesospheric altitudes. CRISM observations of afternoon CO2 clouds display morphologies resembling terrestrial cirrus, which generalizes a previous result to the whole equatorial clouds season. Finally, we show that morning OMEGA observations have been previously misinterpreted as evidence for cumuliform, and hence potentially convective, CO2 clouds.Comment: Vincendon, M., C. Pilorget, B. Gondet, S. Murchie, and J.-P. Bibring (2011), New near-IR observations of mesospheric CO2 and H2O clouds on Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 116, E00J0

Towards an Intelligent Tutor for Mathematical Proofs

Computer-supported learning is an increasingly important form of study since it allows for independent learning and individualized instruction. In this paper, we discuss a novel approach to developing an intelligent tutoring system for teaching textbook-style mathematical proofs. We characterize the particularities of the domain and discuss common ITS design models. Our approach is motivated by phenomena found in a corpus of tutorial dialogs that were collected in a Wizard-of-Oz experiment. We show how an intelligent tutor for textbook-style mathematical proofs can be built on top of an adapted assertion-level proof assistant by reusing representations and proof search strategies originally developed for automated and interactive theorem proving. The resulting prototype was successfully evaluated on a corpus of tutorial dialogs and yields good results.Comment: In Proceedings THedu'11, arXiv:1202.453

How does the lower urinary tract contribute to bladder sensation? ICI-RS 2023

Aim: Bladder sensation is critical for coordinating voluntary micturition to maintain healthy bladder function. Sensations are initiated by the activation of sensory afferents that innervate throughout the bladder wall. However, the physiological complexity that underlies the initiation of bladder sensory signaling in health and disease remains poorly understood. This review summarises the latest knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the generation of bladder sensation and identifies key areas for future research. Methods: Experts in bladder sensory signaling reviewed the literature on how the lower urinary tract contributes to bladder sensation and identified key research areas for discussion at the 10th International Consultation on Incontinence—Research Society. Results: The importance of bladder sensory signals in maintaining healthy bladder function is well established. However, better therapeutic management of bladder disorders with exaggerated bladder sensation, including overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) and interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is limited by a lack of knowledge in a number of key research areas including; the contribution of different nerves (pudendal, pelvic, hypogastric) to filling sensations in health and disease; the relative contribution of stretch sensitive (muscular) and stretch-insensitive (mucosal) afferents to bladder sensation in health and disease; the direct and indirect contributions of the muscularis mucosae to bladder contraction and sensation; and the impact of manipulating urothelial release factors on bladder sensation. Conclusion: Disturbances in bladder sensory signaling can have severe consequences for bladder sensation and function including the development of OAB and IC/BPS. Advancing therapeutic treatments for OAB and IC/BPS requires a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the generation of bladder sensation, and key areas for future research have been identified

The APOA5 Trp19 allele is associated with metabolic syndrome via its association with plasma triglycerides

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The goal of the present study was to assess the effect of genetic variability at the APOA5/A4/C3/A1 cluster locus on the risk of metabolic syndrome.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The <it>APOA5 </it>Ser19Trp, <it>APOA5 </it>-12,238T>C, <it>APOA4 </it>Thr347Ser, <it>APOC3 </it>-482C>T and <it>APOC3 </it>3238C>G (<it>Sst</it>I) polymorphisms were analyzed in a representative population sample of 3138 men and women from France, including 932 individuals with metabolic syndrome and 2206 without metabolic syndrome, as defined by the NCEP criteria.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Compared with homozygotes for the common allele, the odds ratio (OR) [95% CI] for metabolic syndrome was 1.30 [1.03–1.66] (<it>p </it>= 0.03) for <it>APOA5 </it>Trp19 carriers, 0.81 [0.69–0.95] (<it>p </it>= 0.01) for <it>APOA5 </it>-12,238C carriers and 0.84 [0.70–0.99] (<it>p </it>= 0.04) for <it>APOA4 </it>Ser347 carriers. Adjustment for plasma triglycerides, (but not for waist girth, HDL, blood pressure or glycemia – the other components of metabolic syndrome) abolished these associations and suggests that triglyceride levels explain the association with metabolic syndrome. There was no association between the <it>APOC3 </it>-482C>T or <it>APOC3 </it>3238C>G polymorphisms and metabolic syndrome. The decreased risk of metabolic syndrome observed in <it>APOA5 </it>-12,238C and <it>APOA4 </it>Ser347 carriers merely reflected the fact that the <it>APOA5 </it>Trp19 allele was in negative linkage disequilibrium with the common alleles of <it>APOA5 </it>-12,238T>C and <it>APOA4 </it>Thr347Ser polymorphisms.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The <it>APOA5 </it>Trp19 allele increased susceptibility to metabolic syndrome via its impact on plasma triglyceride levels.</p