Stereotype activation in gun identification : pattern of ducking behavior indistinguishable from shooting behavior in the shooter bias paradigm

Research shows that participants erroneously shoot unarmed black men more frequently than unarmed white men in simulation tasks. To investigate whether this pattern held true when participants were taking defensive action (taking cover) in response to a perceived armed target, I created a 2 x 2 x 2 mixed within-between groups experiment based on Correll and colleagues’ (2002) design. Participants were randomly assigned to either an Armed Protocol condition, which primed them to perceive the task as shooting armed targets, or an Unarmed Protocol condition, which primed them to perceive the task as taking cover from armed targets. Across both participant conditions, there was a significant interaction effect for target race and target object, such that participants shot and took cover from unarmed black men more frequently than from unarmed white men. Results also revealed a main effect for object, such that participants were more likely to perceive an unarmed target as armed than perceive an armed target as unarmed, and a small main effect for race, such that participants made more identification errors for black targets than white targets. These findings suggest that people who are taking defensive actions (taking cover) are just as likely to be biased by stereotypes of African American men as dangerous in split-second weapons identification tasks as people taking offensive actions (shooting)

Unsettlers and Speculators

Considering that it was summertime, the weather in New England was puzzlingly cold. Nonetheless, the men in the seabeaten wooden ship offered thanks, in the Protestant fashion, for the bounty of fresh provisions: oysters and seals; vast herds of deer, tule elk, and pronghorn. Mutual curiosity informed their encounters with the people they met. The English admired their extraordinary basketwork, their shell ornaments, their headpieces of brilliant black condor feathers.If the bio- and ethnoscapes of this New England sketch seem a little off, it is because I have moved its longitudal coordinates west by fifty degrees and spun the time setting of an originary North American encounter back by several decades. The English sailors and supplicants were not Puritan separatists but the remainder of Sir Francis Drake's circumnavigation expedition, which made landfall along the Pacific coast—by most estimates, in northern California—in 1579. The story of their several weeks' stay there is speculative in many senses. The fortuitously named Golden Hind returned loaded with treasure; the marker that Drake supposedly placed near his landfall buttressed unfulfilled English territorial claims for many years after; and in our own day historians, anthropologists, and geographers both trained and untrained continue to debate the precise location of Nova Albion. This is the very stuff of which counterfactual histories and speculative historical fictions are made: what if other Englishmen had later returned with settlers and supplies? If the English colonial project along the North American Pacific had rooted itself earlier, and farther south than Vancouver, would its later pattern of settlement have pulsed west to east across the continent instead of east to west

Ambassadors Of Culture: The Transamerican Origins Of Latino Writing

https://works.swarthmore.edu/alum-books/1803/thumbnail.jp