Wie global sind Japans Banken? : Die Veränderung institutioneller Bedingungen und ihre Auswirkungen auf die internationale Präsenz japanischer Kreditinstitute

In den 1980er und den frühen 1990er Jahren waren japanische Banken die weltweit größten Finanzinstitute und galten als Inbegriff „globaler“ Banken. Der Crash der japanischen Wertpapier- und Immobilienmärkte Anfang der 1990er Jahre und die nachfolgende Rezession waren Anlass zu tiefgreifenden Reformen im japanischen Finanzsystem. Die japanischen Banken waren gezwungen, ihre internationalen Strategien zu reformulieren. Als Konsequenz zogen sie sich aus vielen Märkten zurück und strukturierten ihre internationalen Netzwerke um. Vor dem Hintergrund theoretischer Überlegungen zu der Bedeutung von „Globalität“ und einer empirischen Untersuchung der Entwicklung der Auslandsstellennetze japanischer Banken in den 1980er und 1990er Jahren stellt der vorliegende Beitrag die Globalität japanischer Banken in Frage.In the 1980s and early 1990s Japanese banks were the world's largest financial institutions and seen as prototypes of "global" banks. With the asset market crash and following economic recession hitting Japan and giving rise to deep structural reforms in the Japanese political economy in the 1990s, Japanese banks had to rethink their strategies. As a consequence they started withdrawing from certain markets and, more generally, restructuring their international networks. Based on conceptual considerations regarding the globality of banks and empirical evidence on Japanese banks' strategies in the 1980s and 1990s, the paper challenges the notion of Japanese banks as truly "global" actors

Invasive Haemophilus influenzae infections in Germany: impact of non-type b serotypes in the post-vaccine era

Background: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccination led to a significant decrease in invasive bacterial infections in children. The aim of this study was to assess a potential shift to more non-type b invasive infections in a population with high Hib vaccination coverage and to compare the burden of suffering between children with Hib, capsulated non-b and non-capsulated Hi infections. Methods: Cases with confirmed invasive Hi infections were ascertained through two independent nationwide active surveillance systems in 1998–2005. Information on possible predisposing conditions and clinical information was available from 2001 onwards. Results: The total number of reported non-type b Hi cases varied between 10 cases in 1998, 27 in 2000 and 14 in 2005. In each year, non-capsulated serotypes outnumbered capsulated non-type b ones. 192 cases were detected in 2001–2005, more than one half was non-type b and 88% of the non-type b cases were non-capsulated. For cases with Hib/capsulated non-type b infections the most common clinical presentation was meningitis (67% each); 89%/78% had no potential predisposing condition, 75%/72% completely recovered from disease and 6% (each) died. In contrast, meningitis was diagnosed in 34% of the non-capsulated Hi infections, septicaemia in 28% and pneumonia 21%; 62% had no potential predisposing condition, 83% completely recovered and 3% died. Conclusion: There was no increase in non-type b Hi invasive infections during 8 years of active surveillance in Germany. Invasive disease due to non-type b Hi is not confined to children with risk factors. In patients with capsulated non-type b Hi infections the proportion of meningitis cases is similar to Hib, but double as high as in non-capsulated Hi

Fatty acid composition of Turbatrix aceti and its use in feeding regimes of Coregonus maraena (Bloch, 1779): is it really a suitable alternative to Artemia nauplii?

By incorporating the free-swimming nematode Turbatrix aceti into early feeding regimes of the European whitefish Coregonus maraena, the suitability of this nematode species was investigated as an alternative to Artemia nauplii. During a 14-day feeding trial in a total of 25 aquaria each 1.7 L (each treatment n = 5, 255 larvae/tank) T. aceti was used either as the sole live food or in combination with Artemia nauplii or microdiet to determine the effect of T. aceti on growth performance and survival rate of C. maraena. By analysing the fatty acid composition of T. aceti prior to and after enrichment with INVE spresso® it was investigated whether the amount of n3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA) in T. aceti could be further enhanced. Supplementation of Artemia nauplii with T. aceti increased growth significantly within the first 5 days of rearing in comparison to the non-supplemented food treatments (14.39 ± 0.15 mm compared to 13.44 ± 0.18 mm; mean ± SE). However, growth and survival of juvenile C. maraena on nematode-supplemented Artemia nauplii did not differ significantly from non-supplemented Artemia nauplii at the end of the 14-day rearing period (15.22 ± 0.15 mm compared to 14.86 ± 0.24 mm). All feeding treatments containing Artemia nauplii showed significantly higher growth and lower mortality at the end of the experiment in comparison to diets containing only the microdiet or T. aceti or a combination thereof. The overall low performance of T. aceti alone can most likely be explained by an insufficient capacity of C. maraena to digest this nematode species efficiently. Enrichment with INVE spresso® successfully increased the proportion of DHA in the T. aceti tissue. The results reveal that T. aceti cannot be considered a full alternative to Artemia nauplii, at least not in the rearing of C. maraena, but might be a useful vector of essential fatty acids within the early rearing period of this and potentially other fish species when provided as live food along with Artemia nauplii

Basics of collaborative research data management: Requirements for a Schleswig-Holstein state initiative on research data management

Das Papier "Grundlagen eines partnerschaftlichen Forschungsdatenmanagements - Anforderungen an eine schleswig-holsteinische Landesinitiative zum Forschungsdatenmanagement" umreißt die Anforderungen für eine schleswig-holsteinische Landesinitiative zum Forschungsdatenmanagement (FDM-SH). Hierfür wird zunächst das Umfeld, in dem eine solche Initiative entstehen und agieren soll, beschrieben. So beeinflussen sowohl die Eigenheiten der regionalen Forschungslandschaft wie auch die Entwicklungen im Bereich der Nationalen Forschungsdateninfrastruktur (NFDI) die Ausprägungen von Landesinitiativen. Die speziellen Anforderungen werden durch den Vergleich mit anderen Landesinitiativen, die Analyse von spezifischen Umfrageergebnissen aus Schleswig-Holstein sowie die Berücksichtigung der Anforderungen der NFDI gesammelt. Der Ansatz des partnerschaftlichen Forschungsdatenmanagements (FDM) spiegelt das Anliegen Schleswig-Holsteins wider, die Herausforderungen für ein zeitgemäßes FDM vor Ort gemeinsam zu bewältigen und dabei sowohl Know-how zu teilen als auch Ressourcen zu schonen

Evaluating multifunctional uses of offshore wind farms in the German EEZ ‐ a GIS modelling approach

The concept of multifunctional use of marine offshore areas receives increased significance in the light of sustainable development in heavily used marine areas. Here we defined potential areas in the German EEZ for the co-utilization of offshore wind farms and offshore aquaculture applying integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) approaches. We combined a geographic information system (GIS), spatial distribution models and multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) to index suitable multifunctional sites. The procedure as well as the main findings of the GIS-MCE modelling approach are summarised to demonstrate the applicability of the GIS-MCE and the need for modelling techniques for spatial optimisation using geo-spatial tools. Finally, different spatial multi-use scenarios for the coupling of offshore IMTA-systems and wind farms are evaluated in order to support efficient and sustainable marine spatial management (MSP) strategies

Bioremediation of aquaculture wastewater: evaluating the prospects of the red alga Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta) for nitrogen uptake

The bioremediation capacity of the red macroalga Palmaria palmata was assessed by two experiments. First, uptake rates of P. palmata cultured in four treatments with varying levels and ratios of the N sources ammonium (NH4 +) and nitrate (NO3 −) (18/15, 0/30, 30/45, 50/65 μM) were measured over a 3-h period to evaluate N source preference. Secondly, P. palmata were cultured in five treatments with varying levels and ratios of ammonium and nitrate (300/12, 0/312, 500/12, 0/512, 250/262 μM) for 3 weeks to evaluate specific growth rates, protein content, and ammonia toxicity. Palmaria palmata had a higher affinity for NH4 + than for NO3 − as N source. However, in the single N source trials, NO3 − uptake was higher than that of NH4 +. The maximum specific growth rate of 11.99 % day−1 was observed in the 0/512 μM ammonium/nitrate treatment after 3 weeks, whereas the minimum specific growth rate of 2.21 % day−1 was observed in the 500/12 μM ammonium/nitrate treatment after 3 weeks. NO3 − supported higher growth rates, whereas NH4 + increased tissue N, and therefore protein content. Total protein content of the algal tissue was significantly higher in P. palmata of the NH4 + treatments, reaching up to 20.6 % DW, than of those from the NO3 -treatments. Palmaria palmata showed signs of poisoning after 3 weeks in the highest NH4 + treatment. This study indicates that P. palmata is a suitable species for ecological engineering in integrated multitrophic aquaculture systems as it shows a relatively high growth performance, high nutrient uptake rates, and elevated protein content under NH4 + supply

Recent developments in aquaculture of Palmaria palmata (Linnaeus) Weber & Mohr 1805): cultivation and uses

This review summarizes the recent literature on the biology, cultivation techniques and uses of the red seaweed Palmaria palmata ((Linnaeus) Weber & Mohr 1805). The paper covers its distribution, appearance and life cycle, the state of the art cultivation techniques for spore release and seeding, and the culture of meristematic fragments of fronds harvested from natural populations. Furthermore, culture conditions for P. palmata sporelings and gametophytes and set-ups of tank and open sea culture are presented. For tank culture, relatively high irradiance and frequent seawater exchange to supply carbon dioxide and nutrients are the most important parameters. In open sea culture, site selection and system design play an important role. Land-based culture has the advantage that optimum culture conditions can be applied and quality-controlled, whereas nearshore cultivation is less costly and labour intensive. In addition, the bioremediation potential and the use of P. palmata in integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) are discussed. More research is needed to investigate bioremediation potential of different P. palmata strains. Recent developments in uses of P. palmata as food supplement, source of bioactive compounds, animal feed and compound for biofuels are presented. Finally, the possibilities of cultivation of P. palmata enhance the prospects for the expansion of the cultivation of this seaweed. However, future research is needed regarding balance of culture conditions, costs and biomass in land-based tank culture and in terms of site selection, system design, maintenance and harvest techniques in sea cultivation to establish a commercialization of the aquaculture of this species in Europe

The early life strategy of Cape hakes in the Benguela upwelling system off South Africa

Recruitment is a key process in the sustainability of marine fish populations. Thedynamic and complex process of recruitment is integrated over several life stages, withmany different factors affecting each stage leading to high variability in populations. Thisstudy aimed at gaining important knowledge on the early life history and the factorsaffecting recruitment of the two demersal Cape hake species Merluccius paradoxus andM. capensis in the southern Benguela upwelling system off South Africa. Eggs andlarvae were collected by stratified hauls during four cruises in two consecutive years.Early juveniles were collected on one cruise in the northern part of the study area off theOrange River.The spatial distribution patterns, growth and condition of early stages were investigatedusing a combination of classic and novel methods. Spatial distribution patterns weredescribed by species-specific vertical and horizontal abundances. Growth wasinvestigated by otolith analyses of larvae and juveniles. Larval conditions were analysedby measuring RNA:DNA ratios. Another method for estimating condition was applied toeggs and larvae by measuring the total lipid content. Fatty acid compositions wereinvestigated in order to reveal the levels of essential fatty acids, needed for growth anddevelopment. Stomach content analyses complemented the information on early lifestages as they elucidated the feeding of larvae in the study area.Distribution patterns revealed that M. paradoxus was the dominant species during thestudy periods, indicating a temporal and possibly spatial separation of spawning of thetwo Cape hake species. This difference in the spawning strategy reduces competitionduring the early life stages between the two similar species, allowing their co-existencewithin the same ecosystem.Furthermore, the distribution patterns of hake eggs and larvae indicated that asubstantial part of spawning occurs on the western Agulhas Bank. Early stages aretransported by the jet current, whereby the drift routes of the two species are separated,with M. paradoxus found further offshore than M. capensis. Complex retentionmechanisms enable larvae on the inshore drift route to reach the coastal nursery areaoff Cape Columbine, whereas larvae from the offshore route are transported furthernorth. This transport and dispersal mechanisms are important for larval connectivity.Therefore, the spawning strategies of the two hake species are adapted to the variable environment of the southern Benguela system, as spawning takes place during a time ofoptimal transport conditions for eggs and larvae towards their specific nursery areas.In addition, factors affecting the recruitment of hake were investigated by analysinggrowth and condition of early stages. Analyses indicated that the South African hakesare fast growing species. Survivors outgrow their conspecifics and cannibalism seemsto play an important role in the survival strategy of hake. Larvae were generally in goodcondition, as indicated by high RNA:DNA ratios, and they can be regarded as thesurvivors, as starving larvae with poor condition are more vulnerable to predation.RNA:DNA ratios as condition proxy and growth did not correlate in hake larvae, as theRNA:DNA ratios were well above the threshold level for growth. Furthermore, low lipidcontents were found in yolk-sac larvae of one investigated year, indicating maternaleffects by poor conditions of spawners, possibly affecting recruitment. The life historystrategy of hakes can be described as periodic with adaptations from an opportunisticstrategy.In conclusion, the interdisciplinary approach of this study provided new and importantknowledge on the early life history and the recruitment of the Southern African hakespecies, which can be transferred to other demersal, long-lived and fast-growing fishspecies. Furthermore, this information can be applied to fisheries management and itcan help to predict the consequences of climate change for M. paradoxus and M.capensis in the southern Benguela upwelling system

Die frühen Lebensstrategien der Kapseehechte im Benguela Auftriebssystem vor Südafrika

Recruitment is a key process in the sustainability of marine fish populations. Thedynamic and complex process of recruitment is integrated over several life stages, withmany different factors affecting each stage leading to high variability in populations. Thisstudy aimed at gaining important knowledge on the early life history and the factorsaffecting recruitment of the two demersal Cape hake species Merluccius paradoxus andM. capensis in the southern Benguela upwelling system off South Africa. Eggs andlarvae were collected by stratified hauls during four cruises in two consecutive years.Early juveniles were collected on one cruise in the northern part of the study area off theOrange River.The spatial distribution patterns, growth and condition of early stages were investigatedusing a combination of classic and novel methods. Spatial distribution patterns weredescribed by species-specific vertical and horizontal abundances. Growth wasinvestigated by otolith analyses of larvae and juveniles. Larval conditions were analysedby measuring RNA:DNA ratios. Another method for estimating condition was applied toeggs and larvae by measuring the total lipid content. Fatty acid compositions wereinvestigated in order to reveal the levels of essential fatty acids, needed for growth anddevelopment. Stomach content analyses complemented the information on early lifestages as they elucidated the feeding of larvae in the study area.Distribution patterns revealed that M. paradoxus was the dominant species during thestudy periods, indicating a temporal and possibly spatial separation of spawning of thetwo Cape hake species. This difference in the spawning strategy reduces competitionduring the early life stages between the two similar species, allowing their co-existencewithin the same ecosystem.Furthermore, the distribution patterns of hake eggs and larvae indicated that asubstantial part of spawning occurs on the western Agulhas Bank. Early stages aretransported by the jet current, whereby the drift routes of the two species are separated,with M. paradoxus found further offshore than M. capensis. Complex retentionmechanisms enable larvae on the inshore drift route to reach the coastal nursery areaoff Cape Columbine, whereas larvae from the offshore route are transported furthernorth. This transport and dispersal mechanisms are important for larval connectivity.Therefore, the spawning strategies of the two hake species are adapted to the variable environment of the southern Benguela system, as spawning takes place during a time ofoptimal transport conditions for eggs and larvae towards their specific nursery areas.In addition, factors affecting the recruitment of hake were investigated by analysinggrowth and condition of early stages. Analyses indicated that the South African hakesare fast growing species. Survivors outgrow their conspecifics and cannibalism seemsto play an important role in the survival strategy of hake. Larvae were generally in goodcondition, as indicated by high RNA:DNA ratios, and they can be regarded as thesurvivors, as starving larvae with poor condition are more vulnerable to predation.RNA:DNA ratios as condition proxy and growth did not correlate in hake larvae, as theRNA:DNA ratios were well above the threshold level for growth. Furthermore, low lipidcontents were found in yolk-sac larvae of one investigated year, indicating maternaleffects by poor conditions of spawners, possibly affecting recruitment. The life historystrategy of hakes can be described as periodic with adaptations from an opportunisticstrategy.In conclusion, the interdisciplinary approach of this study provided new and importantknowledge on the early life history and the recruitment of the Southern African hakespecies, which can be transferred to other demersal, long-lived and fast-growing fishspecies. Furthermore, this information can be applied to fisheries management and itcan help to predict the consequences of climate change for M. paradoxus and M.capensis in the southern Benguela upwelling system