Review: potential biotechnological assets related to plant immunity modulation applicable in engineering disease-resistant crops.

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Identification and evaluation of new reference genes in Gossypium hirsutum for accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Normalizing through reference genes, or housekeeping genes, can make more accurate and reliable results from reverse transcription real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Recent studies have shown that no single housekeeping gene is universal for all experiments. Thus, suitable reference genes should be the first step of any qPCR analysis. Only a few studies on the identification of housekeeping gene have been carried on plants. Therefore qPCR studies on important crops such as cotton has been hampered by the lack of suitable reference genes.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>By the use of two distinct algorithms, implemented by <it>geNorm </it>and <it>NormFinder</it>, we have assessed the gene expression of nine candidate reference genes in cotton: <it>GhACT4, GhEF1α5, GhFBX6, GhPP2A1, GhMZA, GhPTB, GhGAPC2, GhβTUB3 </it>and <it>GhUBQ14</it>. The candidate reference genes were evaluated in 23 experimental samples consisting of six distinct plant organs, eight stages of flower development, four stages of fruit development and in flower verticils. The expression of <it>GhPP2A1 </it>and <it>GhUBQ14 </it>genes were the most stable across all samples and also when distinct plants organs are examined. <it>GhACT4 </it>and <it>GhUBQ14 </it>present more stable expression during flower development, <it>GhACT4 </it>and <it>GhFBX6 </it>in the floral verticils and <it>GhMZA </it>and <it>GhPTB </it>during fruit development. Our analysis provided the most suitable combination of reference genes for each experimental set tested as internal control for reliable qPCR data normalization. In addition, to illustrate the use of cotton reference genes we checked the expression of two cotton MADS-box genes in distinct plant and floral organs and also during flower development.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We have tested the expression stabilities of nine candidate genes in a set of 23 tissue samples from cotton plants divided into five different experimental sets. As a result of this evaluation, we recommend the use of <it>GhUBQ14 </it>and <it>GhPP2A1 </it>housekeeping genes as superior references for normalization of gene expression measures in different cotton plant organs; <it>GhACT4 </it>and <it>GhUBQ14 </it>for flower development, <it>GhACT4 </it>and <it>GhFBX6 </it>for the floral organs and <it>GhMZA </it>and <it>GhPTB </it>for fruit development. We also provide the primer sequences whose performance in qPCR experiments is demonstrated. These genes will enable more accurate and reliable normalization of qPCR results for gene expression studies in this important crop, the major source of natural fiber and also an important source of edible oil. The use of bona fide reference genes allowed a detailed and accurate characterization of the temporal and spatial expression pattern of two MADS-box genes in cotton.</p

Insights into genetic and molecular elements for transgenic crop development.

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Application of nuclear volume measurements to comprehend the cell cycle in root-knot nematode-induced giant cells.

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Antibacterial Peptides from Plants: What They Are and How They Probably Work

Plant antibacterial peptides have been isolated from a wide variety of species. They consist of several protein groups with different features, such as the overall charge of the molecule, the content of disulphide bonds, and structural stability under environmental stress. Although the three-dimensional structures of several classes of plant peptides are well determined, the mechanism of action of some of these molecules is still not well defined. However, further studies may provide new evidences for their function on bacterial cell wall. Therefore, this paper focuses on plant peptides that show activity against plant-pathogenic and human-pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, we describe the folding of several peptides and similarities among their three-dimensional structures. Some hypotheses for their mechanisms of action and attack on the bacterial membrane surface are also proposed