Sarah Copeland's Whoopee Pies

winter 2008Photographs not available.[Story by] Lisa Groshong ; Photo by Andras Gip

Sociable work

winter 2008[Story by] Lisa Groshong ; Photo courtesy of Paula Sydnor Hubbar

Detail man

"Fall 2007"Story by Lisa Groshong ; Photography by Rob Hil

Well-suited for business

"Fall 2007"Photograph not available.[Story by] Lisa Groshong. Photo by Dennis Strini/Coast Creative

Not limited by diabetes

"Fall 2007"Photographs not available.Story by Lisa Groshong ; Photography by Nicholas Benne

Spinal solution

summer 2008[Story by] Lisa Groshong ; Photo by Nicholas Benne

Grad grabs a Grammy

"Fall 2007"Photograph not available.[Story by] Lisa Groshon

Gender Differences in Current Received during Transcranial Electrical Stimulation.

Low current transcranial electrical stimulation (tCS) is an effective but somewhat inconsistent tool for augmenting neuromodulation. In this study, we used 3D MRI guided electrical transcranial stimulation modeling to estimate the range of current intensities received at cortical brain tissues. Combined T1, T2, and proton density MRIs from 24 adult subjects (12 male and 12 female) were modeled with virtual electrodes placed at F3, F4, C3, and C4. Two sizes of electrodes 20 mm round and 50 mm × 45 mm were examined at 0.5, 1, and 2 mA input currents. The intensity of current received was sampled in a 1-cm sphere placed at the cortex directly under each scalp electrode. There was a 10-fold difference in the amount of current received by individuals. A large gender difference was observed with female subjects receiving significantly less current at targeted parietal cortex than male subjects when stimulated at identical current levels (P < 0.05). Larger electrodes delivered somewhat larger amounts of current than the smaller ones (P < 0.01). Electrodes in the frontal regions delivered less current than those in the parietal region (P < 0.05). There were large individual differences in current levels that the subjects received. Analysis of the cranial bone showed that the gender difference and the frontal parietal differences are due to differences in cranial bone. Males have more cancelous parietal bone and females more dense parietal bone (P < 0.01). These differences should be considered when planning tCS studies and call into question earlier reports of gender differences due to hormonal influences