Fostering Macroeconomic Research on Hydrogen-Powered Aviation: A Systematic Literature Review on General Equilibrium Models

Hydrogen is a promising fuel to decarbonize aviation, but macroeconomic studies are currently missing. Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models are suitable to conduct macroeconomic analyses and are frequently employed in hydrogen and aviation research. The main objective of this paper is to investigate existing CGE studies related to (a) hydrogen and (b) aviation to derive a macroeconomic research agenda for hydrogen-powered aviation. Therefore, the well-established method of systematic literature review is conducted. First, we provide an overview of 18 hydrogen-related and 27 aviation-related CGE studies and analyze the literature with respect to appropriate categories. Second, we highlight key insights and identify research gaps for both the hydrogen- and aviation-related CGE literature. Our findings comprise, inter alia, hydrogen’s current lack of cost competitiveness and the macroeconomic relevance of air transportation. Research gaps include, among others, a stronger focus on sustainable hydrogen and a more holistic perspective on the air transportation system. Third, we derive implications for macroeconomic research on hydrogen-powered aviation, including (I) the consideration of existing modeling approaches, (II) the utilization of interdisciplinary data and scenarios, (III) geographical suitability, (IV) the application of diverse policy tools and (V) a holistic perspective. Our work contributes a meaningful foundation for macroeconomic studies on hydrogen-powered aviation. Moreover, we recommend policymakers to address the macroeconomic perspectives of hydrogen use in air transportation

Hydrogen-powered aviation in Germany: A macroeconomic perspective and methodological approach of fuel supply chain integration into an economy-wide dataset

The hydrogen (H2) momentum affects the aviation sector. However, a macroeconomic consideration is currently missing. To address this research gap, the paper derives a methodology for evaluating macroeconomic effects of H2 in aviation and applies this approach to Germany. Three goals are addressed: (1) Construction of a German macroeconomic database. (2) Translation of H2 supply chains to the system of national accounts. (3) Implementation of H2-powered aviation into the macroeconomic data framework. The article presents an economy-wide database for analyzing H2-powered aviation. Subsequently, the paper highlights three H2 supply pathways, provides an exemplary techno-economic cost break-down for ten H2 components and translates them into the data framework. Eight relevant macroeconomic sectors for H2-powered aviation are identified and quantified. Overall, the paper contributes on a suitable foundation to apply the macroeconomic dataset and to conduct macroeconomic analyses on H2-powered aviation. Finally, the article highlights further research potential on job effects related to future H2 demand

Forced exercise-induced osteoarthritis is attenuated in mice lacking the small leucine-rich proteoglycan decorin

Objective Interterritorial regions of articular cartilage matrix are rich in decorin, a small leucine-rich proteoglycan and important structural protein, also involved in many signalling events. Decorin sequesters transforming growth factor P (TGFP3), thereby regulating its activity. Here, we analysed whether increased bioavailability of TGF3 in decorin-deficient (Dcn(-/-)) cartilage leads to changes in biomechanical properties and resistance to osteoarthritis (OA). Methods Unchallenged knee cartilage was analysed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and immunohistochemistry. Active transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF beta 1) content within cultured chondrocyte supernatants was measured by ELISA. Quantitative realtime (RT)-PCR was used to analyse mRNA expression of glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-modifying enzymes in C28/12 cells following TGFf31 treatment. In addition, OA was induced in Dcn(-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice via forced exercise on a treadmill. Results AFM analysis revealed a strikingly higher compressive stiffness in Dcn(-/-) than in WT cartilage. This was accompanied by increased negative charge and enhanced sulfation of GAG chains, but not by alterations in the levels of collagens or proteoglycan core proteins. In addition, decorin-deficient chondrocytes were shown to release more active TGF beta 1. Increased TGF beta signalling led to enhanced Chstl 1 sulfotransferase expression inducing an increased negative charge density of cartilage matrix. These negative charges might attract more water resulting in augmented compressive stiffness of the tissue. Therefore, decorin-deficient mice developed significantly less OA after forced exercise than WT mice. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that the disruption of decorin -restricted TGF beta signalling leads to higher stiffness of articular cartilage matrix, rendering joints more resistant to OA. Therefore, the loss of an important structural component can improve cartilage homeostasis

Radiative corrections in inclusive rare B decays

We report recent theoretical progress in the analysis of radiative corrections in inclusive rare B-decays. In view of the B-factories, currently under construction at SLAC and KEK, and of the upgraded CESR experiment, the experimental status of rare B decays is expected to improve significantly in the near future. We review the complete NLL QCD calculations of the inclusive b -> s gamma and the b -> d gamma decay rates. We also discuss recently computed electroweak corrections and further improvements which lead to the current theoretical prediction of B(B -> X_s gamma) = (3.32 +/- 0.30) * 10^{-4}. We shortly comment on the theoretical uncertainty and on implications to physics beyond the SM. We collect the experimental data already available from CESR and LEP and discuss experimental and theoretical problems regarding the photon energy spectrum.Comment: 9 page

Present Status of Inclusive Rare B Decays

We give a status report on inclusive rare B decays, highlighting recent developments and open problems. We focus on the decay modes $B \to X_{s,d} \gamma$, $B \to X_s \ell^+\ell^-$ and $B \to X_s \nu \bar \nu$ and on their role in the search for new physics. Most of the inclusive rare B decays are important modes of flavour physics due to the small hadronic uncertainties. They can be regarded as laboratories to search for new physics. We collect the experimental data already available from CLEO and the $B$ factories BABAR and BELLE. We review the NLL and NNLL QCD calculations of the inclusive decay rates that were recently completed, and discuss future prospects, especially the issue of the charm mass scheme ambiguity. Finally, we analyse the phenomenological impact of these decay modes, in particular on the CKM phenomenology and on the indirect search for supersymmetry. We also briefly discuss direct CP violation in inclusive rare B decays, as well as the rare kaon decays $K^+\to \pi^+\nu\bar{\nu}$ and $K_L \to \pi^0 \nu \bar{\nu}$, which offer complementary theoretically clean information.Comment: 80 pages, 37 figures, latex, references added Invited contribution to Reviews of Modern Physic

Self-selection biases in correlational studies based on questionnaires

questionnaires, surveys, selection bias, categorizations, correlation, analysis of variance, instrumental variables,

Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale genomes provide insights into malaria parasite evolution

Elucidation of the evolutionary history and interrelatedness of Plasmodium species that infect humans has been hampered by a lack of genetic information for three human-infective species: P. malariae and two P. ovale species (P. o. curtisi and P. o. wallikeri)(1). These species are prevalent across most regions in which malaria is endemic(2,3) and are often undetectable by light microscopy(4), rendering their study in human populations difficult(5). The exact evolutionary relationship of these species to the other human-infective species has been contested(6,7). Using a new reference genome for P. malariae and a manually curated draft P. o. curtisi genome, we are now able to accurately place these species within the Plasmodium phylogeny. Sequencing of a P. malariae relative that infects chimpanzees reveals similar signatures of selection in the P. malariae lineage to another Plasmodium lineage shown to be capable of colonization of both human and chimpanzee hosts. Molecular dating suggests that these host adaptations occurred over similar evolutionary timescales. In addition to the core genome that is conserved between species, differences in gene content can be linked to their specific biology. The genome suggests that P. malariae expresses a family of heterodimeric proteins on its surface that have structural similarities to a protein crucial for invasion of red blood cells. The data presented here provide insight into the evolution of the Plasmodium genus as a whole