Климатические особенности и статистические оценки изменения элементов климата в районах вечной мерзлоты на территории севера Западной Сибири

Актуальность работы связана с необходимостью оценки изменений климата, влияющих на многолетнюю мерзлоту, в связи с возможным увеличением выбросов парниковых газов и увеличения аварийности на объектах промышленной, в том числе и нефтегазовой, инфраструктуры при таянии многолетнемерзлых пород. Цель работы: исследование современных изменений характеристик климата, непосредственно влияющих на термическое состояние почвогрунтов в районах распространения многолетней мерзлоты севера Западной Сибири. Методы исследования. Анализ многолетних изменений метеорологических данных включал в себя проверку нулевых гипотез о случайности и однородности рядов наблюдений и наличия тренда. Проверка на однородность осуществлялась с помощью теста Аббе, на случайность - критерием Питмена, на наличие тренда производилась с помощью критерия инверсий. Вывод о неслучайном изменении или нарушении однородности рядов соответствовал условию, когда расчетная статистика превышала соответствующее критическое значение при уровне значимости 0,05. Результаты. Рассмотрены особенности климата севера Западной Сибири и его изменчивость в последние годы. Исследованы изменения температуры воздуха и почвогрунтов на глубинах 160 и 320 см, продолжительность прямой солнечной радиации, суммы атмосферных осадков и высоты снежного покрова на основе инструментальных данных за последние 35 лет. В результате статистического анализа установлено сохранение темпов роста температуры воздуха в теплое время года, увеличение температуры почвогрунтов в течение всего года, выявлен зональный характер изменения суммы атмосферных осадков и снежного покрова. Микроклиматические изменения характеристик метеорологических величин могут искажать реальную картину изменения климата.The relevance of the research is related to the necessity to assess climate changes affecting the permafrost due to the possible growth of greenhouse gas emissions and increase of accident rate in industrial, oil and gas infrastructure at permafrost thawing. The aim of the research is to estimate the current changes in climate characteristics, which affect directly the thermal state of soils in permafrost areas in the north of Western Siberia. Methods. Analysis of long-term changes of meteorological data consisted of tests of null hypothesis of randomness and homogeneity of observation series and trend presence. The homogeneity test was carried out using the Abbe test, the test of randomness was carried out by Pitman criterion, the trend presence was checked using the criterion of inversions. The conclusion on nonrandom change or violation of the homogeneity of rows corresponded to the condition, when the modulus of the estimated statistics exceeded the corresponding critical value at significance level of 0,05. Results. The paper considers the climatic features in the north of Western Siberia and its variability in recent years. The analysis of temperature changes of air and soil at depths of 160 and 320 cm, the amount of precipitation and snow cover based on the instrumental data for the last 35 years has shown that air temperature continues rising in the warmer months, soil temperature increases throughout the year. The authors have revealed zonal character of changes in the amount of precipitation and snow cover. Microclimatic changes in characteristic of meteorological values can distort the real picture of climate change

Suspension-adapted Chinese hamster ovary-derived cells expressing green fluorescent protein as a screening tool for biomaterials

Synthetic biomaterials play an important role in regenerative medicine. To be effective they must support cell attachment and proliferation in addition to being non-toxic and non-immunogenic. We used a suspension-adapted Chinese hamster ovary-derived cell line expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) to assess cell attachment and growth on synthetic biomaterials by direct measurement of GFP-specific fluorescence. To simplify operations, all cell cultivation steps were performed in orbitally-shaken, disposable containers. Comparative studies between this GFP assay and previously established cell quantification assays demonstrated that this novel approach is suitable for rapid screening of a large number of samples. Furthermore the utility of our assay system was confirmed by evaluation of cell growth on three polyvinylidene fluoride polymer scaffolds that differed in pore diameter and drawing conditions. The data presented here prove the general utility of GFP-expressing cell lines and orbital shaking technology for the screening of biomaterials for tissue engineering application

Synthesis of RuO 2 nanowires from Ru thin films by atmospheric pressure micro-post-discharge

International audienceOxidation by a micro-post-discharge at atmospheric pressure of thin films of ruthenium deposited on fused silica by pressure-modulated magnetron sputtering is studied. Single-crystalline RuO 2 nanowires are obtained for the first time with a diffusion process over large areas. Nanowires grow typically at temperatures below 550-600 K, provided the level of stress is high enough to fragment grains in sub-grains with sizes between 30 and 50 nm. Because of the alternation of dense and porous layers forming the coating, inward diffusion of vacancies leads to no patent Kirkendall's effect, pores being distributed over the whole coating thickness and not mainly at the interface with the substrate. The centre of the treatment being heated at temperatures higher than 900 K, gaseous RuO 4 is formed, leading to an evaporated area. At its edge, a ring of microcrystals is formed, likely by a CVD mechanism

Nanostructures design by plasma afterglow-assisted oxidation of iron–copper thin films

International audienceOxidizing thin films made of Fe-Cu alloy with an Ar-O 2 micro-afterglow operated at atmospheric pressure shows remarkable growth processes. The presence of iron in copper up to about 50% leads to the synthesis of CuO nanostructures (nanowalls, nanotowers and nanowires). Nanotowers show the presence of an amorphous phase trapped between crystalline domains. Beyond 50%, Fe 2 O 3 iron nano-blades are also found. CuO nanowires as small as 5 nm in diameter can be synthesized. Thanks to the presence of patterned domains induced by buckling, it was possible to show that the stress level decreases when the iron content in the alloy increases. Iron blades grow from the inner Fe 2 O 3 layer through the overlying CuO if it is thin enough

Divergence in Dialogue

Copyright: 2014 Healey et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.This work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC; http://www.esrc.ac.uk/) through the DynDial project (Dynamics of Conversational Dialogue, RES-062-23-0962) and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC; http://www.epsrc.ac.uk/) through the RISER project (Robust Incremental Semantic Resources for Dialogue, EP/J010383/1). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Software Model Checking with Explicit Scheduler and Symbolic Threads

In many practical application domains, the software is organized into a set of threads, whose activation is exclusive and controlled by a cooperative scheduling policy: threads execute, without any interruption, until they either terminate or yield the control explicitly to the scheduler. The formal verification of such software poses significant challenges. On the one side, each thread may have infinite state space, and might call for abstraction. On the other side, the scheduling policy is often important for correctness, and an approach based on abstracting the scheduler may result in loss of precision and false positives. Unfortunately, the translation of the problem into a purely sequential software model checking problem turns out to be highly inefficient for the available technologies. We propose a software model checking technique that exploits the intrinsic structure of these programs. Each thread is translated into a separate sequential program and explored symbolically with lazy abstraction, while the overall verification is orchestrated by the direct execution of the scheduler. The approach is optimized by filtering the exploration of the scheduler with the integration of partial-order reduction. The technique, called ESST (Explicit Scheduler, Symbolic Threads) has been implemented and experimentally evaluated on a significant set of benchmarks. The results demonstrate that ESST technique is way more effective than software model checking applied to the sequentialized programs, and that partial-order reduction can lead to further performance improvements.Comment: 40 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in journal of logical methods in computer scienc

Применение информационных технологий и этические нюансы в управлении массовым сознанием

This paper discusses the current value of information technology in our lives, as well as their application to control the mass consciousness

Effect of Intraduodenal Bile and Na-Taurodeoxycholate on Exocrine Pancreatic Secretion and on Plasma Levels of Secretin, Pancreatic Polypeptide, and Gastrin in Man

The effect of intraduodenally administered cattle bile (CB) and Na-taurodeoxycholate (TDC) on basal pancreatic secretion and plasma levels of secretin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and gastrin were investigated on two separate days in 10 fasting volunteers. Doses of 2-6 g CB and 20&600 mg TDC were given intraduodenally at 65-min intervals. Volume, bicarbonate, lipase, trypsin, amylase, and bilirubin were measured in 10-min fractions of duodenal juice, and GI peptides determined by radioimmunoassay. CB and TDC enhanced significantly and dose-dependently volume, bicarbonate and enzyme secretion, and plasma secretin and PP levels. In contrast, plasma gastrin showed only a marginal increase. We conclude that the hydrokinetic effect of intraduodenal CB and TDC is at least partially mediated by secretin. Gastrin could be ruled out as a mediator of the ecbolic effect, whereas other GI peptides, primarily CCK, and/or neural mechanisms must be considered possible mediators. Both pathways may also play a role in the PP release

Self-assembly of ordered wurtzite/rock salt heterostructures—A new view on phase separation in MgxZn1−xO

The self-assembled formation of ordered, vertically stacked rocksalt/wurtzite Mg x Zn 1−xO heterostructures by planar phase separation is shown. These heterostructures form quasi “natural” two-dimensional hetero-interfaces between the different phases upon annealing of MgO-oversaturated wurtzite Mg x Zn 1−xO layers grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on c-plane sapphire substrates. The optical absorption spectra show a red shift simultaneous with the appearance of a cubic phase upon annealing at temperatures between 900 °C and 1000 °C. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that these effects are caused by phase separation leading to the formation of a vertically ordered rock salt/wurtzite heterostructures. To explain these observations, we suggest a phase separation epitaxy model that considers this process being initiated by the formation of a cubic (Mg,Zn)Al2O4 spinel layer at the interface to the sapphire substrate, acting as a planar seed for the epitaxial precipitation of rock salt Mg x Zn 1−xO. The equilibrium fraction x of magnesium in the resulting wurtzite (rock salt) layers is approximately 0.15 (0.85), independent of the MgO content of the as-grown layer and determined by the annealing temperature. This model is confirmed by photoluminescence analysis of the resulting layer systems after different annealing temperatures. In addition, we show that the thermal annealing process results in a significant reduction in the density of edge- and screw-type dislocations, providing the possibility to fabricate high quality templates for quasi-homoepitaxial growth