Jurisdiction, Fairness and Reasonableness

There is no doubt that in the days of procedural refinements, arbitrary distinctions and uncertainty as to the purpose of judicial review, the subject was exceedingly complicated and unnecessarily subtle. With the new dominance of relatively simple concepts, and more obvious policy goals, we may reduce the subject to a wholesome simplicity, so that both the government and the citizens can know and understand their rights. To do so, we have to consider the fundamental concepts one by one, and then apply them to recent jurisprudence and to the policy of modern administrative law

Selecting high quality dual language texts for young children in multicultural contexts: A uae case

© 2019, Western Australian Institute for Educational Research Inc.. All rights reserved. Bilingual literature for children is valuable in encouraging literacy in second language learners. Stories can enhance vocabulary and language abilities, learning encounters, subject content, social aptitude, and other skills in the early reader through text as well as illustrations. This paper explores issues in selecting quality dual language picture books with the aim of deepening understanding of what is meant by ‘quality’ dual language books, in terms of text quality, specifically translation accuracy, cultural relevance and book information. Four English/Arabic bilingual children books were evaluated by three raters from different backgrounds. A mixed method approach was followed to combine qualitative evaluations of these books with quantitative scores based on inter-rater reliability. Findings highlight the importance of interplay between picture and verbal text in picture books, urging educators to give more explicit attention to illustrations in any evaluation of text quality in picture books

Membrane Interaction of α-Synuclein in Different Aggregation States

Aggregated α-synuclein in Lewy bodies is one of the hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). Earlier observations of α-synuclein aggregates in neurons grafted into brains of PD patients suggested cell-to-cell transfer of α-synuclein and a prion-like mechanism. This prompted the current investigation of whether α-synuclein passes over model phospholipid bilayers. We generated giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) containing a small amount of a lipid-conjugated red emitting dye (rhodamine B) and varied the membrane charge by using different molar ratios of DOPC and DOPS or cardiolipin. We then used confocal fluorescence microscopy to examine how monomer, fibril as well as on-pathway α-synuclein species labeled with a green emitting fluorophore (Alexa488) interacted with the phospholipid bilayers of the GUV. We defined conditions that yielded reproducible aggregation kinetics under basal conditions and with none or moderate shaking. We found that on-pathway α-synuclein species and equilibrium amyloid aggregates, but not α-synuclein monomers, bound to lipid membranes. α-Synuclein was particularly strongly associated with GUVs containing the anionic lipids cardiolipin or DOPS, whereas it did not associate with GUVs containing only zwitterionic DOPC. We found that α-synuclein progressively aggregated at the surface of the GUVs, typically in distinct domains rather than uniformly covering the membrane, and that both lipid and protein were incorporated in the aggregates. Importantly, we never observed transport of α-synuclein over the GUV bilayer. This suggests that α-synuclein transport over membranes requires additional molecular players and that it might rely on active transport

Key considerations for developing patient management tools for small and nutritionally at-risk infants: A scoping review

Background: To improve global child health, efficacious interventions are important but real-world effectiveness is crucial; this requires translating technical guidance into frontline clinical and patient care practices. Patient management ‘tools’ are frequently used for this purpose, guiding healthcare workers to deliver quality care. Ahead of an update to a patient management tool for small and nutritionally at-risk infants under six months of age (C-MAMI Tool, V2), we reviewed how others have done this in the past. Our aim was to ensure an evidence-based development process to optimise future success and impact. Methods: We investigated five patient management tools: Integrated Care Pathways (ICPs), Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI), Paediatric Early Warning Systems (PEWS), Growth Monitoring (GM), and Emergency Triage Assessment and Treatment (ETAT). Searches were run in PubMed and examined evidence on the development, uptake, and effectiveness of these tools. Results: The tools were developed between approximately 1960-2005, with ongoing development of electronic patient management tools (e-tools). IMCI and ETAT were the most widely used in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), but low coverage remains a major barrier to effectiveness. Growth monitoring is also widely used in LMICs but lacks strong evidence of effectiveness. Evidence on the use of e-tools for patient management in LMICs is growing. Whilst overall evidence for all these approaches was limited, the strongest evidence of effectiveness was for ICPs. Though evidence was sparse, formative work developing the tools prior to implementation seems important to their future success. Conclusions: Informed by this review, the C-MAMI Tool was updated to the MAMI Care Pathway Package, using an ICP approach and modelled on IMCI. This living resource continues to evolve: aligning with and accounting for existing pathways and systems; baseline formative user-experience research; formal effectiveness research to actively plan for future scale up; collecting information on variance from and adaptations to the care pathway; possible future e-tools. An ICP approach is relevant to other child health and nutrition topics

The MAMI Care Pathway Package: A resource to support the management of small and nutritionally at-risk infants under six months of age and their mothers (MAMI)

Globally, millions of infants under six months (u6m) are small and nutritionally at-risk, but many do not get the care they need to survive and thrive. Although the 2013 World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines for severe malnutrition management recommend outpatient care for clinically stable infants u6m, most national guidelines still recommend inpatient care for all infants u6m. To help put the WHO recommendations into action, the MAMI Global Network has developed the MAMI Care Pathway Package – a resource to facilitate the screening, assessment, and management of small and nutritionally at-risk infants u6m and their mothers. The Package uses an integrated care pathway approach and is designed to embed within and support Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI). By improving continuity of care and facilitating patient management, the MAMI Care Pathway Package aims to help health workers improve outcomes for infants and mothers worldwide while also simplifying their care

Small Angle Neutron Scattering of Aerogels: Simulations and Experiments

A numerical simulation of silica aerogels is performed using diffusion-limited cluster-cluster aggregation of spheres inside a cubic box (with periodic boundary conditions). The volume fraction $c$ is taken to be sufficiently large to get a gel structure at the end of the process. In the case of monodisperse spheres, the wavevector dependent scattered intensity $I(q)$ is calculated from the product of the form factor $P(q)$ of a sphere by the structure factor $S(q)$, which is related to the Fourier transform of $g(r)-1$, where $g(r)$ is the pair correlation function between sphere centers. The structure factor $S(q)$ exhibits large-$q$ damped oscillations characteristics of the short range (intra-aggregate) correlations between spheres. These oscillations influence the $I(q)$ curve in the $q$-region between the fractal regime and the Porod regime and quantitative comparisons are made with experiments on colloidal aerogels. Moreover, at small-$q$ values, $S(q)$ goes through a maximum characteristic of large range (inter-aggregate) correlations. Quantitative fits of the maximum in the experimental $I(q)$ curves of base-catalyzed aerogel are presented. In the case of polydisperse spheres, $I(q)$ is calculated directly from a single aggregate simulation. It is shown that increasing polydispersity shifts the location of the cross-over between the fractal and Porod regimes towards low $q$-value.Comment: RevTex, 9 pages + 11 postscript figures, compressed using "uufiles". Proceeding of the 4th International Simposium on Aerogels (To appear in J. of Non-Cryst. Solids

Interventions to promote access to eye care for non-Indigenous, non-dominant ethnic groups in high-income countries: a scoping review protocol.

INTRODUCTION: For many people, settling in a new country is associated with a new identity as an 'ethnic minority', one that can remain through future generations. People who are culturally distinct from the dominant population group may experience a variety of barriers to accessing healthcare, including linguistic and cultural barriers in communication, navigation of an unfamiliar health system and unconscious or overt discrimination. Here, we outline the protocol of a scoping review to identify, describe and summarise interventions aimed at improving access to eye care for non-Indigenous, non-dominant ethnic groups residing in high-income countries. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will search MEDLINE, Embase and Global Health from their inception to July 2019. We will include studies of any design that describe an intervention to promote access to eye care for non-Indigenous, non-dominant ethnic groups. Two authors will independently review titles, abstracts and full-text articles for inclusion. Reference lists from all included articles will also be searched. In cases of disagreement between initial reviewers, a third author will help resolve the conflict. For each included article, we will extract data about the target population, details of the intervention delivered and the effectiveness of or feedback from the intervention. Overall findings will be summarised with descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This review will summarise existing literature and as such ethics approval is not required. We will publish the review in an open-access, peer-reviewed journal, and draft appropriate summaries for dissemination to the wider community. This wider community could include clinicians, policymakers, health service managers and organisations that work with non-dominant ethnic groups. Our findings will also feed into the ongoing Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health

Cultural Competency in Peer-Run Programs: Results of a Web Survey and Implications for Future Practice

Objective: The study explored perceptions of adults with psychiatric disabilities regarding cultural competency of peer-run mental health support groups and programs. Methods: Web survey respondents were recruited via mental health listservs, web sites, newsletters, emails, and word of mouth. A total of 527 peers were surveyed about cultural competency barriers facing peer-run programs; common reasons for not using peer services; and strategies to engage diverse communities. Results: Both multicultural and Caucasian respondents agreed that lack of funding and staff education about diversity were barriers to cultural competency in peer programs. Multicultural respondents were more likely than whites to feel that both the recognition of the need for and interest in attending cultural competency training is lacking in peer programs, as well as information about the diverse composition of peer program memberships. Among those who had never participated in peer support, people of color were more likely than whites to endorse feeling they would not belong and believing their languages would not be spoken in peer programs. Whites, on the other hand, were more likely to cite a preference for professional over peer support, while nearly half of both groups indicated that the main reason for non-attendance is a lack of knowledge about peer programs. Qualitative results highlighted successful outreach and engagement strategies. Conclusions: Study findings informed development of a cultural competency tool that was pilot-tested among peer-run programs. Given the importance of peer support in recovery, these findings suggest the need for additional research on cultural competency in peer programs