Блок автоматики для керування мікрохвильовою піччю для озолення харчових продуктів

Development of automatic meant for controlling of microwave oven with the possibility of work on the base of few magnetrons and controlling temperature at the same time with VSWR are represented.Представлена реализация автоматики для управления микроволновой печью с возможностью работы на нескольких магнетронах и контроля температуры и КСВ.Наведені результати реалізації блока автоматики керування мікрохвильвою піччю із можливістю роботи з кількома магнетронами, контролю температури та КСХН

Критерії якості маршрутів для алгоритму маршрутизації в mesh мережі з зменшенням інтерференції

The paper presents the development assessment system tracks peredichi information in the mesh network and routing algorithm that uses data evaluation. Using this algorithm reduces the interference in the network and power consumption. Provides resistance to changes in the network.В работе представлена разработка системы оценок маршрутов передачи информации в mesh сети, а также алгоритм маршрутизации использующий данные оценки. Использование данного алгоритма позволяет снизить интерференцию в сети и потребляемую мощность. Обеспечивает устойчивость к изменениям в сети.У роботі представлено розробку системи оцінок маршрутів передачі інформації в mesh мережі, а також алгоритм маршрутизації що використовує данні оцінки. Використання даного алгоритму дозволяє знизити інтерференцію в мережі і споживану потужність. Забезпечує стійкість до змін в мережі

Критерии качества маршрутов для алгоритма маршрутизации в mesh сети с уменьшением интерференции

У роботі представлено розробку системи оцінок маршрутів передачі інформації в mesh мережі, а також алгоритм маршрутизації що використовує данні оцінки. Використання даного алгоритму дозволяє знизити інтерференцію в мережі і споживану потужність. Забезпечує стійкість до змін в мережіThe paper presents the development assessment system tracks peredichi information in the mesh network and routing algorithm that uses data evaluation. Using this algorithm reduces the interference in the network and power consumption. Provides resistance to changes in the networkВ работе представлена разработка системы оценок маршрутов передачи информации в mesh сети, а также алгоритм маршрутизации использующий данные оценки. Использование данного алгоритма позволяет снизить интерференцию в сети и потребляемую мощность. Обеспечивает устойчивость к изменениям в сет

Common garden experiments in the genomic era : new perspectives and opportunities

PdV was supported by a doctoral studentship from the French Ministère de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur. OEG was supported by the Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS)The study of local adaptation is rendered difficult by many evolutionary confounding phenomena (e.g. genetic drift and demographic history). When complex traits are involved in local adaptation, phenomena such as phenotypic plasticity further hamper evolutionary biologists to study the complex relationships between phenotype, genotype and environment. In this perspective paper, we suggest that the common garden experiment, specifically designed to deal with phenotypic plasticity has a clear role to play in the study of local adaptation, even (if not specifically) in the genomic era. After a quick review of some high-throughput genotyping protocols relevant in the context of a common garden, we explore how to improve common garden analyses with dense marker panel data and recent statistical methods. We then show how combining approaches from population genomics and genome-wide association studies with the settings of a common garden can yield to a very efficient, thorough and integrative study of local adaptation. Especially, evidence from genomic (e.g. genome scan) and phenotypic origins constitute independent insights into the possibility of local adaptation scenarios, and genome-wide association studies in the context of a common garden experiment allow to decipher the genetic bases of adaptive traits.PostprintPeer reviewe

Economic Impacts of Non-Native Forest Insects in the Continental United States

Reliable estimates of the impacts and costs of biological invasions are critical to developing credible management, trade and regulatory policies. Worldwide, forests and urban trees provide important ecosystem services as well as economic and social benefits, but are threatened by non-native insects. More than 450 non-native forest insects are established in the United States but estimates of broad-scale economic impacts associated with these species are largely unavailable. We developed a novel modeling approach that maximizes the use of available data, accounts for multiple sources of uncertainty, and provides cost estimates for three major feeding guilds of non-native forest insects. For each guild, we calculated the economic damages for five cost categories and we estimated the probability of future introductions of damaging pests. We found that costs are largely borne by homeowners and municipal governments. Wood- and phloem-boring insects are anticipated to cause the largest economic impacts by annually inducing nearly $1.7 billion in local government expenditures and approximately$830 million in lost residential property values. Given observations of new species, there is a 32% chance that another highly destructive borer species will invade the U.S. in the next 10 years. Our damage estimates provide a crucial but previously missing component of cost-benefit analyses to evaluate policies and management options intended to reduce species introductions. The modeling approach we developed is highly flexible and could be similarly employed to estimate damages in other countries or natural resource sectors

Valuation of Ecosystem Services Provided by Biodiversity Conservation: An Integrated Hydrological and Economic Model to Value the Enhanced Nitrogen Retention in Renaturated Streams

The importance of ecosystem functions for humankind is well known. But only few attempts have been undertaken to estimate the economic value of these ecosystem services. In particular, indirect methods are rarely used, even though they are most suitable for the task. This discrepancy is because quantitative knowledge of changes in ecosystem functions is scarce. This paper presents a user-friendly procedure to quantify the increased N-retention in a renaturated river using easily available data. In a case study of the renaturated River Jossa (Germany) the benefits of increased nitrogen retention caused by beaver reintroduction are determined by using the replacement cost method. The quantification of chemical processes is discussed in detail, as well as the problems of defining an adequate reference scenario for the substitute costs. Results show that economic benefits from the evaluated ecosystem service (€12,000/annum) equal 12% of the total costs of the corresponding conservation scheme