31 research outputs found
Das Studium der Medizin an der Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitĂ€t MĂŒnchen in den Jahren 1946 bis 1954
Historische Betrachtung des Studiums der Medizin an der LMU 1946-1954. Zweigeteilt in Aufarbeitung der schriftlichen Quellen und Befragung von Zeitzeugen. Zudem vergleichende Betrachtung der Approbationsordnungen von 1954 und 2003. AusfĂŒhrlicher tabellarischer Teil im Anhang mit sĂ€mtlichen Vorlesungen und Dozenten von 1946-1954
Kosovo und Serbien
Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit befasst sich mit der Re-Nationalisierung in Serbien im
Lichte der Auseinandersetzungen um das Kosovo. Ausgehend von einer
wissenschaftlichen Definition des Begriffs âNationâ und âNationalismusâ ist es das
zentrale Anliegen der Arbeit, basierend auf einer historischen Betrachtungsweise der
Beziehungen zwischen Serbien und dem Kosovo, tiefer liegende Konfliktebenen
politischer, ökonomischer und gesellschaftlicher Natur begreifbar zu machen. Die
Hauptthese der Arbeit geht demnach der zentralen Fragestellung nach, inwiefern
eine historische Dimension des Konflikts zwischen Serben und Albanern im Kosovo
besteht oder etwaige andere Faktoren dieses KonfliktverhÀltnis determinieren.
Innenpolitisch werden im Zuge der Analyse verschiedene MachtsÀulen des Regimes
Slobodan Milosevics hinsichtlich ihrer Bedeutung fĂŒr die Re-Nationalisierung in
Serbien ab den 1980er Jahren untersucht, sowie die Frage dahingehend gestellt, ob
der Zerfall der Sozialistisch Föderativen Republik Jugoslawien (SFRJ) Ende der
1980er Jahre einen unumgÀnglichen Fortsetzungsprozess in Bezug auf den
weltweiten Zusammenbruch realsozialistischer Systeme darstellte oder ob es sich
um einen von jugoslawischen Eliten bewusst gewÀhlten Weg handelte, der letzten
Endes in den kriegerischen Auseinandersetzungen auf jugoslawischem Territorium in
den 1990er Jahren gipfelte.The present diploma thesis deals with the re-nationalization in Serbia in light of the
debates over the Kosovo issue. Aiming at an academic definition of the terms
ânationâ as well as ânationalismâ, it is the main concern of this work, which is based
on the relations between Serbia and Kosovo from a historical perspective, to analyze
the deep seated levels of conflict referring to political, economic and social
components. The central assumption of the paper regards the question: is there a
historical dimension in the conflict between Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo, or do
other factors determine this conflict situation. In the course of the analysis, different
sources of power of the regime of Slobodan Milosevic will be tested for their
implication and relevance in the emerging re-nationalization in Serbia during the 1980âs, but also to raise the question if the collapse of the Socialist Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia (SFRY) at the end of the 1980âs has to be seen in the light of an
unavoidable process of continuation in sense of the global breakdown of state
socialist systems, or as a conscious awareness by Yugoslav elites, which resulted in
the Yugoslav Wars of secession in the 1990âs
Temporal changes of inorganic ion deposition in the seasonal snow cover for the Austrian Alps (1983â2014)
A long-term record of inorganic ion concentrations in wet and dry deposition sampled from snow packs at two high altitude glaciers was used to assess impacts of air pollution on remote sites in central Europe. Sampling points were located at Wurtenkees and Goldbergkees near the Sonnblick Observatory (3106 m above sea level), a background site for measuring the status of the atmosphere in Austria's Eastern Alps. Sampling was carried out every spring at the end of the winter accumulation period in the years 1983â2014. Concentrations of major ions (NH4+, SO42â, NO3â, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+ and Clâ) were determined using ion chromatography (IC) as well as atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) in the earlier years. Concentration of H+ was calculated via the measured pH of the samples.
Trends in deposition and concentration were analysed for all major ions within the period from 1983 to 2014 using Kendall's tau rank correlation coefficient. From 1983 to 2014, total ion concentration declined âŒ25%, i.e. solutions became âŒ25% more dilute, indicating reduced acidic atmospheric deposition, even at high altitude in winter snow. SO42â and NO3â concentrations decreased significantly by 70% and 30%, respectively, accompanied by a 54% decrease of H+ concentrations. Ionic concentrations in snowpack were dominated by H+ and SO42â in the earliest decade measured, whereas they were dominated by Ca2+ by the most recent decade. SO42â and H+ depositions, i.e. concentrations multiplied by volume, also showed a significant decrease of more than 50% at both sites. This reflects the successful emission reductions of the precursor gases SO2 and NOx. Seasonal values with significantly elevated spring concentrations of NH4+, SO42â and H+ compared to fall snow reflects the beginning of vertical mixing during spring. All other ions do not show any seasonality. Source identification of the ions was performed using a principal component analysis (PCA). One anthropogenic cluster (SO42â, NO3â and NH4+) coming from road traffic or fossil fuel combustion and animal husbandry, one crustal cluster (Ca2+, Mg2+) originating from local geological input or Saharan dust events as well as one cluster of unknown origin with episodic character (Na+, K+ and Clâ) was found
Insights from the genome of the biotrophic fungal plant pathogen Ustilago maydis
Ustilago maydis is a ubiquitous pathogen of maize and a well-established model organism for the study of plant-microbe interactions. This basidiomycete fungus does not use aggressive virulence strategies to kill its host. U. maydis belongs to the group of biotrophic parasites (the smuts) that depend on living tissue for proliferation and development. Here we report the genome sequence for a member of this economically important group of biotrophic fungi. The 20.5-million-base U. maydis genome assembly contains 6,902 predicted protein-encoding genes and lacks pathogenicity signatures found in the genomes of aggressive pathogenic fungi, for example a battery of cell-wall-degrading enzymes. However, we detected unexpected genomic features responsible for the pathogenicity of this organism. Specifically, we found 12 clusters of genes encoding small secreted proteins with unknown function. A significant fraction of these genes exists in small gene families. Expression analysis showed that most of the genes contained in these clusters are regulated together and induced in infected tissue. Deletion of individual clusters altered the virulence of U. maydis in five cases, ranging from a complete lack of symptoms to hypervirulence. Despite years of research into the mechanism of pathogenicity in U. maydis, no 'true' virulence factors had been previously identified. Thus, the discovery of the secreted protein gene clusters and the functional demonstration of their decisive role in the infection process illuminate previously unknown mechanisms of pathogenicity operating in biotrophic fungi. Genomic analysis is, similarly, likely to open up new avenues for the discovery of virulence determinants in other pathogens. ©2006 Nature Publishing Group.J.K., M. B. and R.K. thank G. Sawers and U. KĂ€mper for critical reading of the manuscript. The genome sequencing of Ustilago maydis strain 521 is part of the fungal genome initiative and was funded by National Human Genome Research Institute (USA) and BayerCropScience AG (Germany). F.B. was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (USA). J.K. and R.K. thank the German Ministry of Education and Science (BMBF) for financing the DNA array setup and the Max Planck Society for their support of the manual genome annotation. F.B. was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health, B.J.S. was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the Canada Foundation for Innovation, J.W.K. received funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, J.R.-H. received funding from CONACYT, MĂ©xico, A.M.-M. was supported by a fellowship from the Humboldt Foundation, and L.M. was supported by an EU grant. Author Contributions All authors were involved in planning and executing the genome sequencing project. B.W.B., J.G., L.-J.M., E.W.M., D.D., C.M.W., J.B., S.Y., D.B.J., S.C., C.N., E.K., G.F., P.H.S., I.H.-H., M. Vaupel, H.V., T.S., J.M., D.P., C.S., A.G., F.C. and V. Vysotskaia contributed to the three independent sequencing projects; M.M., G.M., U.G., D.H., M.O. and H.-W.M. were responsible for gene model refinement, database design and database maintenance; G.M., J. KĂ€mper, R.K., G.S., M. FeldbrĂŒgge, J.S., C.W.B., U.F., M.B., B.S., B.J.S., M.J.C., E.C.H.H., S.M., F.B., J.W.K., K.J.B., J. Klose, S.E.G., S.J.K., M.H.P., H.A.B.W., R.deV., H.J.D., J.R.-H., C.G.R.-P., L.O.-C., M.McC., K.S., J.P.-M., J.I.I., W.H., P.G., P.S.-A., M. Farman, J.E.S., R.S., J.M.G.-P., J.C.K., W.L. and D.H. were involved in functional annotation and interpretation; T.B., O.M., L.M., A.M.-M., D.G., K.M., N.R., V. Vincon, M. VraneĆ , M.S. and O.L. performed experiments. J. KĂ€mper, R.K. and M.B. wrote and edited the paper with input from L.-J.M., J.G., F.B., J.W.K., B.J.S. and S.E.G. Individual contributions of authors can be found as Supplementary Notes
Einfluss von WĂŒstenstaub auf die PM Konzentration und Deposition in Ăsterreich
Zusammenfassung in deutscher SpracheAbweichender Titel nach Ăbersetzung der Verfasserin/des VerfassersMineralstaub aus natĂŒrlichen Quellen, wie bspw. aus WĂŒstenregionen, stellt global gesehen, nach Meersalzaerosolen, die zweitgröĂte Aerosolquelle dar. Hauptemittenten sind dabei die WĂŒsten der Sahara-Sahel-Region. GroĂe Mengen an WĂŒstenstaub aus der Sahara werden regelmĂ€Ăig ĂŒber den Nordatlantik aber auch ĂŒber das Mittelmeer bis nach Europa transportiert. Trotzdem ist der Einfluss von WĂŒstenstaub auf die Partikelkonzentration und Deposition sowie der Einfluss auf die LuftqualitĂ€t in Ăsterreich, im Hinblick auf den Langzeiteinfluss, kaum erforscht. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird der Einfluss von WĂŒstenstaub auf die Partikelkonzentration und -deposition sowie auf die LuftqualitĂ€t in Ăsterreich quantitativ erfasst. Die Untersuchung des Langzeiteinflusses von WĂŒstenstaub auf die hochalpine, nasse Deposition zeigt einen regelmĂ€Ăigen Einfluss. Basierend auf Proben der Winterschneedecke 2015/2016 gesammelt im hochalpinen Raum in der NĂ€he des Sonnblick Observatoriums im Nationalpark Hohe Tauern, welche 2 orange-braune Saharastaubschichten enthielt, wurde, basierend auf pH-Werten > 5.6 und Ca2+- Konzentrationen > 10 eq/l eine Methode zur Identifikation von Saharastaubschichten etabliert. Dieser Ansatz wurde fĂŒr die Akkumulationsperioden 2014/15 und 2016/17 erweitert und zusammen mit RĂŒckwĂ€rtstrajektorien und on-line Aerosolmessungen validiert. AnschlieĂend wurde der Ansatz auf die gesamte 31-jĂ€hrige Zeitreihe (1987-2017) angewandt um den Langzeiteinfluss von WĂŒstenstaub auf die Ionendeposition zu untersuchen. Die Auswertungen zeigten, dass vor allem die Depositionen von Mg2+ und Ca2+ von WĂŒstenstaubeintrag stark beeinflusst werden. Im Gegensatz dazu spielen sie keine Rolle fĂŒr die abnehmenden Langzeittrends der anderen Ionen wie, bspw. Sulfat oder Nitrat. Der Einfluss von WĂŒstenstaub auf die PM10 Konzentrationen sowie deren Einfluss auf die Ăberschreitungen der PM10 Grenzwerte in Ăsterreich wurde anhand zweier Stationen in Graz, Steiermark, ĂŒber einen Zeitraum von 6 Jahren (2013 bis 2018) untersucht, da es besonders in diesem Gebiet aufgrund der geographischen Lage immer wieder zu Ăberschreitungen der Grenzwerte kommt. Dabei wurde die Anwendbarkeit der EU-Richtlinie 2008/50/EC zum Abzug des Beitrages von natĂŒrlichen Feinstaubquellen im Hinblick auf WĂŒstenstaubeintrag evaluiert. Unterschiedliche statistische Parameter sowie unterschiedliche Stationen wurden dabei berĂŒcksichtigt um einen reprĂ€sentativen âNet Dust Load (NDL)â zu ermitteln, welcher dann von den Tagesmittelwerten der PM10 Konzentrationen abgezogen werden darf. Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ein adaptierter Ansatz der EU-Richtlinie unter Verwendung des Mittelwertes der PM10 Konzentration, der 15 Tage vor und nach dem zu untersuchenden Tag an der Station Masenberg ermittelt wird, sowie weitere Schwellwerte herangezogen werden können um WĂŒstenstaubtage zu identifizieren. Die so ermittelten NDLs stimmen sehr gut mit den âcrustal loadsâ ĂŒberein, welche durch chemische Messungen der Filter ermittelt wurden. Es zeigte sich jedoch, dass der Einfluss von WĂŒstenstaub auf GrenzwertĂŒberschreitungen der PM10 Konzentrationen in Ăsterreich, im Gegensatz zu Stationen in SĂŒdeuropa oder im Mittelmeerraum, eher vernachlĂ€ssigbar ist. Allerdings besteht dennoch die Möglichkeit, betrachtet man das in der EU-Richtlinie festgesetzte Maximum jener Tage die das tĂ€gliche PM10 Limit ĂŒberschreiten, dass WĂŒstenstaubereignisse ggf. als das ZĂŒnglein an der Waage fungieren und zu einer Ăberschreitung von eben jenem Maximum fĂŒhren können. Basierend auf der Notwendigkeit WĂŒstenstaub auf Filtern der Immissionsmessnetze quantifizieren zu können wurde versucht eine einfache und rasche Analysenmethode zu entwickeln. Der methodische Ansatz ĂŒber Durchlichtmessungen der Filter konnte jedoch bisher nur fĂŒr âBlack Carbonâ realisiert werden. Diese Ergebnisse stellen aber eine wichtige Grundlage fĂŒr weiterfĂŒhrende Arbeiten hinsichtlich der Quantifizierung von Mineral- oder WĂŒstenstaub dar.Natural mineral dust from arid regions, also referred to as desert dust, is the second largest natural source of PM in the atmosphere, right after sea spray, with the deserts in the Saharan-Sahel region as the main emitters. Large quantities are known to be regularly transported over the North Atlantic Ocean or across the Mediterranean to Southern Europe via synoptic wind patterns. Still, demonstrations of the impact of desert dust on PM concentrations or deposition in Austria on a long-term base are missing. This thesis investigates the quantitative influence of desert dust on PM concentrations and deposition in Austria, as such an analysis is missing until now. The long-term influence of desert dust on the ion concentration in wet deposition is explored to reveal that desert dust deposition is a constant factor influencing the ecosystem in the Alps. Based on a snow pack of the winter accumulation period 2015/2016 situated close to the Sonnblick Observatory in the National Park Hohe Tauern in the Austrian Alps, featuring two Saharan dust events visible by a reddish colour of the snow, thresholds of a pH > 5.6 together with a Ca2+ concentration > 10 eq/l were defined to identify desert dust affected snow layers. This approach was extended to the accumulation periods 2014/2015 and 2016/2017 and the performance was validated together with trajectories and on-line aerosol measurements at the Sonnblick Observatory. Subsequently the whole data set of the 31-year long snow chemistry data set (19872017) was investigated regarding the contribution of desert dust to ion deposition loads. Results show that especially Mg2+ and Ca2+ depositions are strongly affected by desert dust input while the long-term decreasing trends of other ions, such as sulfate or Nitrate, are not affected. The influence of mineral dust on PM10 concentrations was investigated to draw conclusions on its impact on PM10 limit value exceedance in Austria. The applicability of the approach proposed in the European Air Quality Directive (2008/50/EC), for the subtraction of desert dust contributions, is investigated for two stations in the region of Graz, Styria, over a time period of six years (2013 to 2018). Different stations and different statistical parameters were evaluated to determine the regional background load and subsequently the net dust load (NDL) which might be subtracted. Results suggest an adapted approach to the methodology described in the directive, using the +/ 15-day mean average of the PM10 at the regional background station Masenberg, together with threshold criteria to identify only desert dust affected days. The results of calculated NDLs were in good agreement with crustal loads determined on filter samples during two desert dust events in 2016. In contrast to regions in southern Europe or the Mediterranean, the impact of desert dust to a daily PM10 limit value exceedance in Austria is neglectable, although, considering the legal maximum amount of days exceeding the daily PM10 limit value as given in the EU directive, the scales might be tipped in favour of a transgression of that very maximum. Based on the need for an easy and fast quantification method of mineral dust on filters sampled within the air quality monitoring networks methodological developments were started. While, in a first step, analysis was limited to elemental carbon, the approach may serve as a step for further refinement into mineral dust also.10
Characterization of bioactive fischerellins in the cyanobacterium fischerella spp.
The benthic, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Fischerella spp. produces at least two bioactive substances called fischerellins. Both fischerellins, fischerellin A and B, show allelopathic action against other cyanobacteria and green algae. Previous observations existed about additional yet unidentified fischerellins in Fischerella spp..Aim of the first part of this study was to isolate and characterize additional fischerellins.In order to do this the isolation as well as the detection procedure of fischerellins had to be improved first. The detection by HPLC was amended by using Reversed-Phase-C18-separation. The removal of pigments disturbing the detection of fischerellins was achived by preseparating the methanolic crude extracts of Fischerella spp. over normal-phase-solid-phase extraction. Resulting from the improved analytical method a new fischerellin, named fischerellin C, could be isolated and its structure partly characterized. Fischerellin C exhibits a chromophore similar to the known fischerellins with typical absorption maxima in methanol at 263, 277, 295, 313 nm. The molecular weight determined by mass spectrometry is 297 m/z. Although very similar in its structure to fischerellin A and B, fischerellin C shows no allelopathic activity in agar diffusion tests against Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Beside the new fischerellin C other fischerellins matching the UV/Vis absorption spectra of fischerellin A and B were observed at different retention times. This indicates either other substituted fischerellins or additional isomers.The second question addressed was how production of fischerellins is influenced by external conditions. In this study following abiotic conditions concerning media composition were varied. F. muscicola was cultured under nitrate or phosphate limitation. Further, different molybdenum and iron availability was tested on fischerellin production. However in none of the conducted experiments the fischerellin content nor the composition of different fischerellins showed clear dependance on varied concentrations. The variability in fischerellin content was even high in the same concentration levels. Despite often less biomass production with one exception no increased levels in fischerellins were found. Generally less fischerellins were found in the strongest iron and nitrogen limited cultures. This was interpreted as a result of the general impaired cell conditions seen by strongly decreased pigment content and less produced biomass. Although no dependance of fischerellin production on tested factors was found in this study influence of external factors on fischerellin production cannot be excluded
Herausforderungen von KMU bei der Rekrutierung und BeschĂ€ftigung von Auszubildenden: Empirische Studien zur Ăberwindung des FachkrĂ€ftemangels
With three essays, this dissertation aims to support small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) from the crafts sector in recruiting and employing apprentices. The first two essays investigate whether potential apprenticesâ participation in site visits and firm presentations improves their perceived employer brand, employer attractiveness, and application intentions. The third essay focuses on the post-recruitment phase and examines relevant drop-out reasons for different drop-out stages of the apprenticeship training.Diese Dissertation möchte einen Beitrag zur Verbesserung der Rekrutierungs- und BeschĂ€ftigungssituation von Auszubildenden in kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen (KMU) des Handwerks leisten. ZunĂ€chst wird untersucht, ob sich die wahrgenommene Arbeitgebermarke, ArbeitgeberattraktivitĂ€t und Bewerbungsintention bei potentiellen Auszubildenden durch die Teilnahme an Betriebsbesichtigungen und FirmenprĂ€sentationen verbessert. FĂŒr die Post-Rekrutierungsphase wird schlieĂlich analysiert, ob es einen Zusammenhang zwischen AbbruchgrĂŒnden und Abbruchphasen im Rahmen der Ausbildung gibt
Euroscepticism on the rise among Hungaryâs governing party
Thema dieser Arbeit ist der Euroskeptizismus der Ungarischen Regierungspartei Fidesz und die Frage, in welcher Weise sich die Einstellung der Partei zur EuropĂ€ischen Union ĂŒber die letzten Jahre seit ihrem Amtsantritt 2010, verĂ€ndert hat, mit besonderem Fokus auf die Euroskeptische Rhetorik des Premierministers Viktor OrbĂĄn.
Um die Fragestellung zu beantworten wurde die Methode der Fallstudie gewÀhlt, wobei Gegenstand der Untersuchung die Reaktion der Fidesz Partei auf die Kritik der EU an den konstitutionellen VerÀnderungen seit 2010 und dem Medien Gesetz in Form des Tavares Reports ist.
Vorab wird ein theoretischer Rahmen zum PhĂ€nomen des Euroskeptizismus, im fĂŒr die These relevanten AusmaĂ geboten, sowie Hintergrundinformationen zur Fidesz Partei und ihrem politischen Werdegang, bevor zur ErklĂ€rung der relevantesten, konstitutionellen VerĂ€nderungen und dem neuen Mediengesetz ĂŒbergangen wird. Im Folgenden wird die Kritik der EuropĂ€ischen Union an den zuvor erlĂ€uterten Ănderungen dargestellt.
Die Ergebnisse der Fallstudie, die sich aus der Untersuchung des Memorandums der ungarischen Regierung, Viktor OrbĂĄnâs Reden im Parlament und Stellungnahmen zum Tavares Report, sowie einiger Statements in einer Pressekonferenz zusammensetzen, werden in der Folge genauer analysiert und erlĂ€utert.
Schlussendlich stellt sich heraus, dass sich der Euroskeptizismus der Fidesz Partei im Laufe der Jahre nicht nur im AusmaĂ seines Vorkommens, sondern auch in seiner Erscheinungsform verĂ€ndert hat. Es lĂ€sst sich die These, dass der Euroskeptizismus der ungarischen Regierungspartei gestiegen ist, sowie dass dies heute aus anderen GrĂŒnden geschah und in Form der Rhetorik veranschaulicht werden kann, bestĂ€tigen.This paper attempts to examine to what extent Euroscepticism has risen among the Hungarian governing party Fidesz over the years, how the partyâs attitude towards the European Union has changed since going into office in 2010 and exemplify Fidesz Euroscepticism by focussing on the Eurosceptic rhetoric, most of all of the Prime Minister in office, Viktor OrbĂĄn.
In order to answer the research question, the method of the single case-study is used, in which as object of the study the reaction of the Fidesz party on the criticism of the EU, with respect to the constitutional changes since 2010 and the media law, in form of the âTavares reportâ, is chosen.
First a theoretical framework on the phenomenon of Euroscepticism is provided in a relevant extent for the thesis. Secondly, background information on the history and development of the Fidesz party is given, before the most important constitutional amendments and the new media law are explained. In the following, criticism made by the European Union regarding the changes is illustrated.
The outcome of the case study evolves from the analysis of the Memorandum composed of the Hungarian government, Viktor OrbĂĄnâs statements during the discussion in the European Parliament on the âTavares reportâ, as well as some remarks made in a press conference following the debate, which are subsequently exemplified.
As a result, Euroscepticism among the Fidesz party has not only changed regarding its extent but moreover, in its appearance. The hypothesis, that Euroscepticism among the Fidesz party has risen over the years as well as that this can be exemplified in their rhetoric, can, at the end of the study, be affirmed