Classroom climate – an affirmation of interculturalism

Pod utjecajem intenziviranja migracijskih tokova, kao i upotrebe komunikacijskih tehnologija, kontakti između pripadnika različitih kultura više nisu iznimka, već pravilo svakodnevnog života. Unatoč trendu globalnog povezivanja brojni su primjeri iskazivanja ksenofobije, socijalne distance, rasizma i drugih oblika društveno neprihvatljiva ponašanja i među školskom populacijom. Škola više nego ikoja druga socijalna institucija ima društveno-moralnu obvezu djelovati preventivno u smjeru osposobljavanja učenika za suočavanje s različitostima. Stoga, nastavnici imaju zadaću implementirati interkulturalna načela u školsko i razredno-nastavno ozračje.Predmet ovog rada jest promišljanje odnosa razredno-nastavnog ozračja i interkulturalizma. Polazeći od shvaćanja interkulturalnog odgoja i obrazovanja prvenstveno kao programa usmjerenih na zajednicu s ciljem unapređenja međuljudskih odnosa, ističe se zahtjev za nastavnikovom refleksijom interkulturalnog aspekta odgojno-obrazovnog ozračja. U funkciji navedenog, razlažu se smjernice u okviru različitih dimenzija razredno-nastavnog ozračja kojemogu poslužiti kao polazište za vrednovanje i unapređivanje interkulturalnog dijaloga.As a result of the expansion of migration flows and communication technology, contacts among members of different cultures have become the norm of everyday life. Nevertheless, a troublesome level of explicit xenophobia, social distance, racism and other forms of socially unacceptable behaviors still exists among the school population. More than any other social institution, the school has a social-moral obligation to act preventively through training pupils for encounteringdiversity. Thus, teachers gain a new role as mediators of intercultural principles in order to create a school and classroom climate which includes an intercultural dimension.The subject of this paper is the systematic analysis of the relationship of the classroom climate and interculturalism. Starting from an understanding of intercultural education as a community oriented program which aims to enhance human relations, the demand for the teacher\u27s reflection of the intercultural aspect of the educational climate is highlighted. In that function, guidelines within the different dimensions of the classroom atmosphere are elaborated, which can be utilized as a starting point for evaluating and improving the intercultural dialogue.</p

Cloning of the canine RNA polymerase I promoter and establishment of reverse genetics for influenza A and B in MDCK cells-2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Cloning of the canine RNA polymerase I promoter and establishment of reverse genetics for influenza A and B in MDCK cells"</p><p>http://www.virologyj.com/content/4/1/102</p><p>Virology Journal 2007;4():102-102.</p><p>Published online 23 Oct 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2241602.</p><p></p>oducts and P ΦX174 size marker DNAs (lane M) were subjected to electrophoresis on a 6% polyacrylamide, 7 M urea gel followed by detection of the radioisotope in the gel with a BioRad Molecular Imager Fx. The maximum length of the observed products were approximately 370 bases and 220 bases, respectively, for the reactions using PrimEx1 (lane 1) and PrimEx2 (lane 2). (B) The products from the PrimEx2 reaction were subjected to electrophoresis adjacent to a M13 sequencing ladder on a 6% polyacrylamide, 7 M urea sequencing gel in order to more accurately determine the maximum length of the products synthesized. (C) The MDCK DNA sequences adjacent to the positions where the largest PrimEx2 products terminated

Cloning of the canine RNA polymerase I promoter and establishment of reverse genetics for influenza A and B in MDCK cells-5

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Cloning of the canine RNA polymerase I promoter and establishment of reverse genetics for influenza A and B in MDCK cells"</p><p>http://www.virologyj.com/content/4/1/102</p><p>Virology Journal 2007;4():102-102.</p><p>Published online 23 Oct 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2241602.</p><p></p>ed into an artificial vRNA-CAT reporter construct. These constructs were individually combined with expression plasmids for PB1, PB2, PA and NP proteins and transfected into MDCK cells. At 44 hrs after transfection, cell lysates were analyzed for CAT expression by a colorimetric ELISA assay. In the plasmid pHW72-CAT, the human RNA pol I promoter directs transcription of a negative sense CAT gene

Cloning of the canine RNA polymerase I promoter and establishment of reverse genetics for influenza A and B in MDCK cells-8

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Cloning of the canine RNA polymerase I promoter and establishment of reverse genetics for influenza A and B in MDCK cells"</p><p>http://www.virologyj.com/content/4/1/102</p><p>Virology Journal 2007;4():102-102.</p><p>Published online 23 Oct 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2241602.</p><p></p>ed by arrows

Cloning of the canine RNA polymerase I promoter and establishment of reverse genetics for influenza A and B in MDCK cells-3

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Cloning of the canine RNA polymerase I promoter and establishment of reverse genetics for influenza A and B in MDCK cells"</p><p>http://www.virologyj.com/content/4/1/102</p><p>Virology Journal 2007;4():102-102.</p><p>Published online 23 Oct 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2241602.</p><p></p>were aligned with MDCK sequences flanking the transcription initiation site mapped by primer extension. The first base of the predominate RNA transcript of the indicated species is labeled +1. Conserved residues are indicated blue, red and green lettering. For all the indicated species, the -1 position is a T (red) and the +1 position a purine residue (green). The sequences from +2 to +9 (blue) are conserved in the indicated mammalian species. Based on the aligned sequences, the G residue (arrow) in the MDCK sequences was predicted to be the RNA pol I promoter transcription initiation site

Cloning of the canine RNA polymerase I promoter and establishment of reverse genetics for influenza A and B in MDCK cells-10

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Cloning of the canine RNA polymerase I promoter and establishment of reverse genetics for influenza A and B in MDCK cells"</p><p>http://www.virologyj.com/content/4/1/102</p><p>Virology Journal 2007;4():102-102.</p><p>Published online 23 Oct 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2241602.</p><p></p>ere aligned with MDCK sequences flanking the transcription initiation site mapped by primer extension. The first base of the predominate RNA transcript of the indicated species is labeled +1. Conserved residues are indicated blue, red and green lettering. For all the indicated species, the -1 position is a T (red) and the +1 position a purine residue (green). The sequences from +2 to +9 (blue) are conserved in the indicated mammalian species. Based on the aligned sequences, the G residue (arrow) in the MDCK sequences was predicted to be the RNA pol I promoter transcription initiation site

Cloning of the canine RNA polymerase I promoter and establishment of reverse genetics for influenza A and B in MDCK cells-9

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Cloning of the canine RNA polymerase I promoter and establishment of reverse genetics for influenza A and B in MDCK cells"</p><p>http://www.virologyj.com/content/4/1/102</p><p>Virology Journal 2007;4():102-102.</p><p>Published online 23 Oct 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2241602.</p><p></p>oducts and P ΦX174 size marker DNAs (lane M) were subjected to electrophoresis on a 6% polyacrylamide, 7 M urea gel followed by detection of the radioisotope in the gel with a BioRad Molecular Imager Fx. The maximum length of the observed products were approximately 370 bases and 220 bases, respectively, for the reactions using PrimEx1 (lane 1) and PrimEx2 (lane 2). (B) The products from the PrimEx2 reaction were subjected to electrophoresis adjacent to a M13 sequencing ladder on a 6% polyacrylamide, 7 M urea sequencing gel in order to more accurately determine the maximum length of the products synthesized. (C) The MDCK DNA sequences adjacent to the positions where the largest PrimEx2 products terminated

Cloning of the canine RNA polymerase I promoter and establishment of reverse genetics for influenza A and B in MDCK cells-7

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Cloning of the canine RNA polymerase I promoter and establishment of reverse genetics for influenza A and B in MDCK cells"</p><p>http://www.virologyj.com/content/4/1/102</p><p>Virology Journal 2007;4():102-102.</p><p>Published online 23 Oct 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2241602.</p><p></p>ion of the MDCK 7.1 kb EcoR I fragment which hybridized to the 18S rRNA gene probe. (B) Southern hybridization of MDCK DNA. Left panel: Single restriction enzyme digestions of MDCK DNA were subjected to electrophoresis on a 0.7% agarose gel and detected by ethidium bromide staining. M: 1 kb ladder (Invitrogen); Lanes 1–8: Avr II, BamH I, EcoR I, Hind III, Sac I, Spe I, Sph I, Xba I; C: 18S rRNA gene probe. Right panel: Southern blot of gel in left panel after hybridization to a psoralen-biotin labeled 18S rRNA gene probe (0.5 kb) and detection by chemilumiscense. The 7.1 kb EcoR I fragment (arrow) was cloned and analyzed for RNA pol I promoter activity. (C) Comparison of the size of selected restriction fragments predicted by the genomic sequence to hybridize to the 18S rRNA gene probe and those restriction fragments from MDCK DNA which were observed to hybridize

Cloning of the canine RNA polymerase I promoter and establishment of reverse genetics for influenza A and B in MDCK cells-13

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Cloning of the canine RNA polymerase I promoter and establishment of reverse genetics for influenza A and B in MDCK cells"</p><p>http://www.virologyj.com/content/4/1/102</p><p>Virology Journal 2007;4():102-102.</p><p>Published online 23 Oct 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2241602.</p><p></p>ectional vector, by replacement of the human pol I promoter sequence in pAD3000 with the MDCK 469 bp sequence upstream of the transcription initiation site. In addition, the two BI restriction sites in pAD3000, which are used for cloning sequences between the two promoters, were changed to I sites because the former restriction site occurs in the MDCK pol I containing fragment

Cloning of the canine RNA polymerase I promoter and establishment of reverse genetics for influenza A and B in MDCK cells-4

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Cloning of the canine RNA polymerase I promoter and establishment of reverse genetics for influenza A and B in MDCK cells"</p><p>http://www.virologyj.com/content/4/1/102</p><p>Virology Journal 2007;4():102-102.</p><p>Published online 23 Oct 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2241602.</p><p></p>ert was predicted from the alignment in Fig. 4 to be the transcription initiation site (TIS). Products from primer extension reactions designed to map the TIS terminated at T (1803) and C (1805). (B) The EGFP reporter plasmids pK9GFP 1–1802(T), pK9GFP 1–1803(G) and pK9GFP 1–1804(C) were constructed by replacing the human pol I promoter sequences in pHW72-EGFP [9] with bases 1–1802, 1–1803, and 1–1804, respectively, from the MDCK I-H I insert in pK9Pol I EB. In each reporter construct, EGFP coding sequences are flanked by the noncoding region from an influenza M segment and this transcription unit is between a murine RNA pol I terminator () and the indicated sequences from the MDCK I-H I insert. (C) Replication of artificial vRNA-EGFP reporter transcripts in MDCK cells. DNA mixes composed of expression plasmids for PB1, PB2, PA and NP proteins plus a single EGFP reporter plasmid or pΔHW72-EGFP were combined with MDCK cells and subjected to electroporation. At 48 hrs after electroporation, GFP expression was detected by fluorescence microscopy. The plasmid pΔHW72-EGFP is a derivative of pHW72-EGFP in which the human pol I promoter has been deleted. The MDCK cells in the panel labeled pCMV EGFP were subjected to electroporation with pCMV EGFP plasmid alone and served a positive control