How Deep Is Your Love? Loss Aversion in Dating Markets

This study uses experimental evidence to examine the existence of loss aversion in the dating market. Applying a valuation gap experiment, this study finds that people are loss averse when it comes to dating opportunities, meaning people weigh the loss of a dating opportunity more heavily than an equivalent gain. The results also support the hypothesis that people experience more loss aversion when they have fewer dating opportunities available. This finding provides preliminary evidence that the existence and growing prevalence of online dating, which dramatically increases peoples’ access to dating opportunities, reduces loss aversion, therefore increasing turnover in the market

F#@&!: Profanity as a Means of Emotional Regulation

Profanity is a commonplace occurrence in everyday conversation and society as whole. Previous studies have analyzed the reasons people use profanity as well as the function of profanity in various stressful situations, such as pain. Emotional regulation is a series of strategies people use to control and modify their emotions. One frequent target emotion to be regulated is anxiety, a state of fear which may elicit avoidance behaviors and defense reactions. However, no previous research has exclusively looked at profanity as a potential emotional regulation strategy. This study determined whether or not profanity was a useful emotional regulation strategy for anxiety. Participants were recruited from undergraduate psychology courses at a southern university. Their participation in the study involved watching a frightening scene from a scary movie and assigned the use of either a profane or mundane word at specific times during the video. Profanity was hypothesized to diminish anxiety in an anxiety-inducing situation. No significant results were found from t-tests to compare the anxiety levels of the conditions

Elucidating the Mechanical and Transport Properties of Lignin-Based Hydrogel Composites

The use of lignin in the fabrication of soft composites has become an emerging area of research in polymer science and polymer chemistry. These lignin-based materials present numerous benefits, notably, a reduction in the use of petroleum-based precursor, improved structural benefits to otherwise soft host polymers, as well as the inherent antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of lignin, making it suitable for biomaterials. Herein, we present two chemical reaction pathways of incorporating lignin that was fractionated and cleaned using the Aqueous Lignin Purification with Hot Agents (ALPHA) process into poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel composites for aqueous-based separations. By leveraging the ALPHA process, we can obtain lignins of prescribed molecular weights (MWs) with narrow dispersity (Ð) and low ash content – i.e., low concentrations of sodium and potassium. In one reaction pathway, lignin was first functionalized with vinyl-containing acrylate groups that enabled free radical chemical crosslinking of lignin chains. Notably, both the lignin MW and chemical functionality had an impact on the permeability of methylene blue (MB), where the breakthrough time of the MB across the membrane was significantly longer for lignin with higher hydroxyl content. Further, the permeability of MB was seen to decrease by over two orders of magnitude with the introduction of just 20 wt % lignin. In addition, the importance of leveraging lignin of narrow Ð in the development of structure–processing–property relationships for these materials was underscored by the consistent, repeatable permeation experiments obtained for these membranes versus their counterparts made with unfractionated lignins. In the second reaction pathway, both the lignin and PVA chains were chemically crosslinked via a condensation reaction using glutaraldehyde (GA). In general, increases in the GA content and lignin MW resulted in improved mechanical properties, including increases in ultimate tensile strength, storage modulus, and Young’s modulus, which was attributed to a tightening of the hydrated network structure and supported by decreases in equilibrium water uptake and molecular weight between crosslinks. Enhanced mechanical properties were also observed in hydrogel composites containing ALPHA-fractionated lignin as compared to unfractionated, stock lignin, underscoring the impact of the ALPHA process on the resulting properties

Mentes Positivas en Acción: Feasibility Study of a Promotor-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management Program for Low-Income Spanish-Speaking Latinas.

Purpose: Low-income Latino immigrants lack access to mental health providers. We explored the feasibility of training promotores to deliver a stress management program in community settings. Methods: We trained promotores to deliver an 8-week intervention program comprising evidence-based cognitive-behavioral stress management techniques. Trained promotores then delivered the program to Spanish-speaking Latino immigrants. Results: Promotores (n=10) improved their knowledge significantly after the training (p<0.001) and delivered the program demonstrating excellent fidelity. Participants who received the program (n=50) had significantly improved scores on immigration stress, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms (p<0.001). Conclusion: It is feasible to train Latino promotores to deliver an effective stress management program to low-income Latino immigrants in their communities. Results contribute to a growing literature on the value of such interventions in community settings. If it is found to be effective in future studies, the program could help fill a large need in the Latino community

Cost-effectiveness of voluntary HIV-1 counseling and testing in reducing sexual transmission of HIV-1 in Kenya and Tanzania.

Background Access to HIV-1 voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) is severely limited in less-developed countries. We undertook a multisite trial of HIV-1 VCT to assess its impact, cost, and cost-effectiveness in less-developed country settings.\ud Methods\ud The cost-effectiveness of HIV-1 VCT was estimated for a hypothetical cohort of 10 000 people seeking VCT in urban east Africa. Outcomes were modelled based on results from a randomised controlled trial of HIV-1 VCT in Tanzania and Kenya. Our main outcome measures included programme cost, number of HIV-1 infections averted, cost per HIV-1 infection averted, and cost per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) saved. We also modelled the impact of targeting VCT by HIV-1 prevalence of the client population, and the proportion of clients who receive VCT as a couple compared with as individuals. Sensitivity analysis was done on all model parameters.\ud Findings\ud HIV-1 VCT was estimated to avert 1104 HIV-1 infections in Kenya and 895 in Tanzania during the subsequent year. The cost per HIV-1 infection averted was US$249 and$346, respectively, and the cost per DALY saved was $12·77 and$17·78. The intervention was most cost-effective for HIV-1-infected people and those who received VCT as a couple. The cost-effectiveness of VCT was robust, with a range for the average cost per DALY saved of $5·16-27·36 in Kenya, and$6·58-45·03 in Tanzania. Analysis of targeting showed that increasing the proportion of couples to 70% reduces the cost per DALY saved to $10·71 in Kenya and$13·39 in Tanzania, and that targeting a population with HIV-1 prevalence of 45% decreased the cost per DALY saved to $8·36 in Kenya and$11·74 in Tanzania.\ud Interpretation\ud HIV-1 VCT is highly cost-effective in urban east African settings, but slightly less so than interventions such as improvement of sexually transmitted disease services and universal provision of nevirapine to pregnant women in high-prevalence settings. With the targeting of VCT to populations with high HIV-1 prevalence and couples the cost-effectiveness of VCT is improved significantly

A typical pointed observation in IRAS designed to fit into a 15 minute window

A typical pointed observation in the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) was designed to fit into a 15 minute window. Observing constraints, however, did not always permit targets from the scientific program to be observed on exactly 15 minute centers and a few months into the mission it was realized that the automatic scheduling program left times when no observations were being made. In order to use this potentially wasted observing time, a mode of pointed observations, the 'filler' mode, with shorter observation duration was initiated. Locations were picked on an arbitrary grid, spaced relatively uniformly in ecliptic coordinates, and the telescope was pointed to one of these sites whenever a gap potentially occurred. One of us (GXN) was the coordinator of this effort (the FL sub-group). There are a total of 22 FL fields, 13 of which have more than 50 component observations. These 13 fields cover about 30 square degrees. It was proposed to concentrate on one filler field, FL29, a field with 53 coverages which thus had among the deepest coverage of those observed in this mode. This field was also observed extensively at various non-infrared wavelengths by a variety of techniques. Because the IRAS observations of FL29 were made at the limits of the survey sensitivity and at different twist angles it was necessary to make significant technical advances in the methods used in the processing and analyzing the data. In particular, if normal IRAS coaddition procedures were used, the noise resulting from coaddition of the multiple frames did not decrease in the manner expected once significantly different twist angles were included in the coaddition. The technical effort needed to reduce the observations of FL29 was completed and now the noise behavior is understood and well behaved. The reduction of the field FL29 observations is done

The role of soil biotic processes in the search of quantitative indexes of soil quality

Non-Peer ReviewedMonitoring soil quality involves measurements of soil properties over periods of several years. This article examines the potential role of chemical SOM composition and of soil biotic processes as faster indexes of soil quality. Soil quality was quantified on the basis of individual soil attributes and time. Chemical characterization of soil organic matter by solid 13C-NMR and Py-FIMS showed that a degraded Gleysol cropped to corn during 25 years suffered C losses from all chemical functional groups. Surprisingly, aromatic-C was lost at proportional higher rates than aliphatic-C. These results indicate that chemical composition of SOM determined by quantitative nondestructive methods can be used as quality indexes in agricultural soils. Biotic processes reflect changes in soil quality over shorter periods than total or type of SOM. Microbial specific respiration (qCO2) is a soil attribute that consistently reflected differences in soil quality. It was hypothesized that qCO2 , the microbial adenylate energy charge and anabolic reduction charge may permit to asses soil quality over monitoring periods of weeks to <5y

Erosion and cultivation effects on the loss of organic matter from prairie soils

Non-Peer Reviewe