Tehnike uzgoja i ljekovita svojstva gljive Pleurotus spp.

The genus Pleurotus (oyster mushroom) comprises some most popular edible mushrooms due to their favourable organoleptic and medicinal properties, vigorous growth and undemanding cultivation conditions. It can be cultivated on log and a wide variety of agroforestry (by-)products, weeds and wastes for the production of food, feed, enzymes and medicinal compounds, or for waste degradation and detoxification. Many different techniques and substrates have been successfully utilized for mushroom cultivation and biomass production by means of solid-state and submerged liquid fermentation. However, in contrast to submerged liquid fermentation, solid-state fermentation is not often used in large scale due to severe engineering problems. Various Pleurotus species have been shown to possess a number of medicinal properties, such as antitumour, immunomodulatory, antigenotoxic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolaemic, antihypertensive, antiplatelet-aggregating, antihyperglycaemic, antimicrobial and antiviral activities. These therapeutic activities are exhibited by extracts or isolated compounds from Pleurotus spp. fermentation broth, mycelia and fruiting bodies. In particular, polysaccharides appear to be potent antitumour and immuno-enhancing substances, besides possessing other beneficial activities. However, the biochemical mechanisms of these therapeutic activities still remain largely unknown. This review focuses on recent advances in the biotechnology of Pleurotus spp., with emphasis on the production of fruiting bodies, the production of mycelium and bioactive compounds by solid-state and submerged liquid fermentation. The medicinal properties of this mushroom are also outlined.Rod gljiva Pleurotus (bukovače) obuhvaća neke od najpopularnijih jestivih gljiva, zbog njihovih poželjnih organoleptičkih i ljekovitih svojstava, bujnoga rasta i malih zahtjeva pri uzgoju. Mogu se uzgajati na deblu i raznim poljoprivrednim i šumskim (nus)proizvodima, korovima i otpadu, kao hrana, krmivo, za proizvodnju enzima i medicinskih spojeva, te za razgradnju otpada i detoksifikaciju. Pri uzgoju gljiva i proizvodnji biomase fermentacijom na krutoj podlozi i submerznom fermentacijom na tekućoj podlozi uspješno su korištene razne tehnike i supstrati. Međutim, za razliku od submerzne fermentacije u tekućoj podlozi, fermentacija na krutoj podlozi ne primjenjuje se često zbog ozbiljnih inženjerskih problema. Gljive vrste Pleurotus imaju niz ljekovitih svojstava, antitumorski, imunomodulacijski, antigenotoksični, antioksidativni i protuupalni učinak, snizuju kolesterol i povišeni arterijski tlak, sprečavaju trombozu, snizuju razinu šećera u krvi te imaju antimikrobni i antivirusni učinak. Terapijska svojstva imaju ekstrakti ili spojevi izolirani iz fermentacijske podloge, micelija ili plodišta gljiva Pleurotus spp. Točnije, polisaharidi su ti koji sprečavaju nastanak tumora i jačaju imunitet te imaju i druga poželjna svojstva. Međutim, biokemijski mehanizmi tih procesa uglavnom su nepoznati. U ovom je revijalnom prikazu naglasak na najnovijim dostignućima u biotehnološkoj primjeni gljiva Pleurotus spp., osobito na proizvodnji plodišta, micelija i bioaktivnih spojeva fermentacijom na krutoj podlozi i submerznom fermentacijom u tekućoj podlozi. Prikazana su i ljekovita svojstva tih gljiva

Tehnike uzgoja i ljekovita svojstva gljive Pleurotus spp.

The genus Pleurotus (oyster mushroom) comprises some most popular edible mushrooms due to their favourable organoleptic and medicinal properties, vigorous growth and undemanding cultivation conditions. It can be cultivated on log and a wide variety of agroforestry (by-)products, weeds and wastes for the production of food, feed, enzymes and medicinal compounds, or for waste degradation and detoxification. Many different techniques and substrates have been successfully utilized for mushroom cultivation and biomass production by means of solid-state and submerged liquid fermentation. However, in contrast to submerged liquid fermentation, solid-state fermentation is not often used in large scale due to severe engineering problems. Various Pleurotus species have been shown to possess a number of medicinal properties, such as antitumour, immunomodulatory, antigenotoxic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolaemic, antihypertensive, antiplatelet-aggregating, antihyperglycaemic, antimicrobial and antiviral activities. These therapeutic activities are exhibited by extracts or isolated compounds from Pleurotus spp. fermentation broth, mycelia and fruiting bodies. In particular, polysaccharides appear to be potent antitumour and immuno-enhancing substances, besides possessing other beneficial activities. However, the biochemical mechanisms of these therapeutic activities still remain largely unknown. This review focuses on recent advances in the biotechnology of Pleurotus spp., with emphasis on the production of fruiting bodies, the production of mycelium and bioactive compounds by solid-state and submerged liquid fermentation. The medicinal properties of this mushroom are also outlined.Rod gljiva Pleurotus (bukovače) obuhvaća neke od najpopularnijih jestivih gljiva, zbog njihovih poželjnih organoleptičkih i ljekovitih svojstava, bujnoga rasta i malih zahtjeva pri uzgoju. Mogu se uzgajati na deblu i raznim poljoprivrednim i šumskim (nus)proizvodima, korovima i otpadu, kao hrana, krmivo, za proizvodnju enzima i medicinskih spojeva, te za razgradnju otpada i detoksifikaciju. Pri uzgoju gljiva i proizvodnji biomase fermentacijom na krutoj podlozi i submerznom fermentacijom na tekućoj podlozi uspješno su korištene razne tehnike i supstrati. Međutim, za razliku od submerzne fermentacije u tekućoj podlozi, fermentacija na krutoj podlozi ne primjenjuje se često zbog ozbiljnih inženjerskih problema. Gljive vrste Pleurotus imaju niz ljekovitih svojstava, antitumorski, imunomodulacijski, antigenotoksični, antioksidativni i protuupalni učinak, snizuju kolesterol i povišeni arterijski tlak, sprečavaju trombozu, snizuju razinu šećera u krvi te imaju antimikrobni i antivirusni učinak. Terapijska svojstva imaju ekstrakti ili spojevi izolirani iz fermentacijske podloge, micelija ili plodišta gljiva Pleurotus spp. Točnije, polisaharidi su ti koji sprečavaju nastanak tumora i jačaju imunitet te imaju i druga poželjna svojstva. Međutim, biokemijski mehanizmi tih procesa uglavnom su nepoznati. U ovom je revijalnom prikazu naglasak na najnovijim dostignućima u biotehnološkoj primjeni gljiva Pleurotus spp., osobito na proizvodnji plodišta, micelija i bioaktivnih spojeva fermentacijom na krutoj podlozi i submerznom fermentacijom u tekućoj podlozi. Prikazana su i ljekovita svojstva tih gljiva

Dietary Supplementation of Hericium erinaceus

Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Pers. is a medicinal mushroom capable of inducing a large number of modulatory effects on human physiology ranging from the strengthening of the immune system to the improvement of cognitive functions. In mice, dietary supplementation with H. erinaceus prevents the impairment of spatial short-term and visual recognition memory in an Alzheimer model. Intriguingly other neurobiological effects have recently been reported like the effect on neurite outgrowth and differentiation in PC12 cells. Until now no investigations have been conducted to assess the impact of this dietary supplementation on brain function in healthy subjects. Therefore, we have faced the problem by considering the effect on cognitive skills and on hippocampal neurotransmission in wild-type mice. In wild-type mice the oral supplementation with H. erinaceus induces, in behaviour test, a significant improvement in the recognition memory and, in hippocampal slices, an increase in spontaneous and evoked excitatory synaptic current in mossy fiber-CA3 synapse. In conclusion, we have produced a series of findings in support of the concept that H. erinaceus induces a boost effect onto neuronal functions also in nonpathological conditions

Culture degeneration reduces sex-related gene expression, alters metabolite production and reduces insect pathogenic response in Cordyceps militaris

Cordyceps militaris is an entomopathogenic ascomycete, known primarily for infecting lepidopteran larval (caterpillars) and pupal hosts. Cordycepin, a secondary metabolite produced by this fungus has anti-inflammatory properties and other pharmacological activities. However, little is known about the biological role of this adenosine derivate and its stabilising compound pentostatin in the context of insect infection the life cycle of C. militaris. During repeated subcultivation under laboratory conditions a degeneration of C. militaris marked by decreasing levels of cordycepin production can occur. Here, using degenerated and parental control strains of an isolate of C. militaris, we found that lower cordycepin production coincides with the decline in the production of various other metabolites as well as the reduced expression of genes related to sexual development. Additionally, infection of Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth) caterpillars indicated that cordycepin inhibits the immune response in host haemocytes. Accordingly, the pathogenic response to the degenerated strain was reduced. These data indicate that there are simultaneous changes in sexual reproduction, secondary metabolite production, insect immunity and infection by C. militaris. This study may have implications for biological control of insect crop pests by fungi

Use of flucinolone acetonide for patients with diabetic macular oedema:patient selection criteria and early outcomes in real world setting

Introduction: Fluocinolone acetonide slow release implant (Iluvien®) was approved in December 2013 in UK for treatment of eyes which are pseudophakic with DMO that is unresponsive to other available therapies. This approval was based on evidence from FAME trials which were conducted at a time when ranibizumab was not available. There is a paucity of data on implementation of guidance on selecting patients for this treatment modality and also on the real world outcome of fluocinolone therapy especially in those patients that have been unresponsive to ranibizumab therapy. Method: Retrospective study of consecutive patients treated with fluocinolone between January and August 2014 at three sites were included to evaluate selection criteria used, baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes at 3-month time point. Results: Twenty two pseudophakic eyes of 22 consecutive patients were included. Majority of patients had prior therapy with multiple intravitreal anti-VEGF injections. Four eyes had controlled glaucoma. At baseline mean VA and CRT were 50.7 letters and 631 μm respectively. After 3 months, 18 patients had improved CRT of which 15 of them also had improved VA. No adverse effects were noted. One additional patient required IOP lowering medication. Despite being unresponsive to multiple prior therapies including laser and anti-VEGF injections, switching to fluocinolone achieved treatment benefit. Conclusion: The patient level selection criteria proposed by NICE guidance on fluocinolone appeared to be implemented. This data from this study provides new evidence on early outcomes following fluocinolone therapy in eyes with DMO which had not responded to laser and other intravitreal agents

Novel Medicinal Mushroom Blend as a Promising Supplement in Integrative Oncology: A Multi-Tiered Study using 4T1 Triple-Negative Mouse Breast Cancer Model

Abstract: Although medicinal mushroomextracts have been proposed as promising anti-cancer agents, their precise impacts on metastatic breast cancer are still to be clarified. For this purpose, the present study exploited the eect of a novel medicinal mushroom blend, namely Micotherapy U-care, in a 4T1 triple-negative mouse breast cancer model. Mice were orally administered with Micotherapy U-care, consisting of a mixture of Agaricus blazei, Ophiocordyceps sinensis, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, and Lentinula edodes. The syngeneic tumor-bearing mice were generated by injecting 4T1 cells in both supplemented and non-supplemented mice. After sacrifice 35 days later, specific endpoints and pathological outcomes of the murine pulmonary tissue were evaluated. (i) Histopathological and ultrastructural analysis and (ii) immunohistochemical assessment of TGF-ß1, IL-6 and NOS2, COX2, SOD1 as markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were performed. The QoL was comparatively evaluated. Micotherapy U-care supplementation, starting before 4T1 injection and lasting until the end of the experiment, dramatically reduced the pulmonary metastases density, also triggering a decrease of fibrotic response, and reducing IL-6, NOS, and COX2 expression. SOD1 and TGF-ß1 results were also discussed. These findings support the valuable potential of Micotherapy U-care as adjuvant therapy in the critical management of triple-negative breast cancer