Molecular profiling of non-small cell lung cancer.

Lung cancer is generally treated with conventional therapies, including chemotherapy and radiation. These methods, however, are not specific to cancer cells and instead attack every cell present, including normal cells. Personalized therapies provide more efficient treatment options as they target the individual's genetic makeup. The goal of this study was to identify the frequency of causal genetic mutations across a variety of lung cancer subtypes in the earlier stages. 833 samples of non-small cell lung cancer from 799 patients who received resection of their lung cancer, were selected for molecular analysis of six known mutations, including EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, HER2 and ALK. A SNaPshot assay was used for point mutations and fragment analysis searched for insertions and deletions. ALK was evaluated by IHC +/- FISH. Statistical analysis was performed to determine correlations between molecular and clinical/pathological patient data. None of the tested variants were identified in most (66.15%) of cases. The observed frequencies among the total samples vs. only the adenocarcinoma cases were notable different, with the highest frequency being the KRAS mutation (24.49% vs. 35.55%), followed by EGFR (6.96% vs. 10.23%), PIK3CA (1.20% vs. 0.9%), BRAF (1.08% vs. 1.62%), ALK (0.12% vs. 0.18%), while the lowest was the HER2 mutation (0% for both). The statistical analysis yielded correlations between presence of a mutation with gender, cancer type, vascular invasion and smoking history. The outcome of this study will provide data that helps stratify patient prognosis and supports development of more precise treatments, resulting in improved outcomes for future lung cancer patients

Summary information for each of the germline and somatic mutations found in <i>MAP3K6</i>.

a<p>The H506Y mutation is a somatic second-hit observed in FFPE tumor tissue from patient 1884.</p><p>Summary information for each of the germline and somatic mutations found in <i>MAP3K6</i>.</p

Pedigree of the Maritime Canadian family.

<p>Clinically affected individuals are indicated with shaded symbols. Individuals for whom DNA samples were collected are indicated by a number. Individuals shaded within 2 quarter sections were affected but were negative for the MAP3K6 mutation. Individuals shaded on one half had another, non-gastric, cancer. Generations I–VI are indicated.</p

Summary of SNVs observed in the Maritime sub-pedigree (Proband, Mother, Maternal Aunts) and in 115 probands from an additional screened cohort, including a frameshift-truncating mutation Portuguese pedigree (F849Sfs*142).

<p>All SNVs are shown in relation to the predicted functional domains of <i>MAP3K6</i>.</p

Methylation analysis of the Portuguese family.

<p>Left panel: Schematic representation of the MAP3K6 gene adapted from Ensembl genome browser (release 75). The two CpG islands analyzed are represented. CpG island 1 is mainly non-methylated for several normal tissues and cells lines represented in the scheme, while CpG island 2 displays low methylation frequency (light green) in normal tissues such as B-cells, Colon, Liver and Whole Blood, and high methylation (blue) in colon (HCT116), liver (HepG2) and blood (Jurkat) cancer cell lines. A DNase HSS predicted to harbor a promoter-associated regulatory element overlapping with CpG island 2. Right panel: For the CpG island 1, no hypermethylation was detected (white circles). For the CpG island 2, we observed complete methylation in the proband's tumor DNA (black circles) and no methylation in the PBLs' DNA. The DNA of normal gastric mucosa from controls displayed partial methylation (grey circles). All gastric cancer cell lines mimicked the full methylation observed for the tumor DNA (black circles).</p

Regions with LOD>0.5 from parametric linkage analyses using Merlin when individual 2447 is treated as unknown (sub-pedigree).

<p>Genomic intervals and associated LOD scores are shown under dominant models with 50% or 99% penetrance. Regions are defined by their 1-LOD support interval. Base pair positions are from hg19. An asterisk indicates the SNP was the first or last analyzed marker on the chromosome.</p><p>Regions with LOD>0.5 from parametric linkage analyses using Merlin when individual 2447 is treated as unknown (sub-pedigree).</p