A Systematic Approach to Organic Qualitative Analysis using Mass and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

A thesis presented to the faculty of the School of Science and Mathematics at Morehead State University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Science by Duane R. Greenly on January 14, 1974

Eugene Bullard: World’s First Black Fighter Pilot

In honor of Black History Month, hear the fascinating story of Eugene Bullard the American who became the world’s first black fighter pilot in WW I. Award-winning writer and author of a new book on Bullard, Dr. Greenly will discuss how Eugene ran away to France and enlisted in the French Foreign Legion. He then joined the Lafayette Flying Corps where he was trained and flew combat missions. What happened to this decorated hero later and his eventual return to the U.S will also be covered in this unique talk

Concentrator of laser energy for thin vapour cloud production near a surface

A novel scheme is presented for production of a thin ($<1$ mm) uniform vapor layer over a large surface area ($>100$ cm$^2$) by pulsed laser ablation of a solid surface. Instead of dispersing the laser energy uniformly over the surface, a modified Fabry-Perot interferometer is employed to concentrate the laser energy in very narrow closely-spaced concentric rings. This approach may be optimized to minimum total laser energy for the desired vapor density. Furthermore, since the vapor is produced from a small fraction of the total surface area, the local ablation depth is large, which minimized the fraction of surface contamination in the vapor. Key words: laser evaporation, thin gas layer formation.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figure

Extraction of the underlying material response of pseudoelastic NiTi and its application in numerical simulations

In certain temperature regimes NiTi exhibits pseudoelasticity, meaning that after being loaded to strains of 6-7% it can return to its original configuration. This behavior is produced by the reversible solid-state phase transformation between the austenitic (A) and martensitic (M) phases. During isothermal tensile testing the response produces a closed hysteresis that traces two stress plateaus corresponding to localization and propagation of transformation front(s). Hallai and Kyriakides (2013) extracted the underlying up-down-up material response during the A [rightwards arrow symbol] M transformation from an experiment on a laminate composed of an unstable NiTi core and hardening facestrips. In these experiments, the laminates were plastically deformed to a strain of about 6%. To obtain the underlying response during the reverse M [rightwards arrow symbol] A transformation, the laminate must be reverse loaded back to zero, resulting in compressive forces in the hardening facestrips which ultimately lead to the laminate buckling. This thesis presents a new experimental setup to prevent buckling by laterally supporting the laminate during reverse loading. From this test, the complete underlying NiTi response is extracted and exhibits the expected softening branches during both the A [rightwards arrow symbol] M and M [rightwards arrow symbol] A transformations, with each branch having a Maxwell stress similar to the corresponding experimental plateau stress level. The full response is used to calibrate a custom constitutive model that produces a fit based completely on a measured response for the first time. Simulations of the isothermal tensile tests using this fit capture the measured response and localized deformation pattern to the greatest extent thus far. The fit is also used to conduct a parametric study on the effect the hardening facestrip thickness has on the overall laminate response, and possible changes to aid future users of this method are identified. The new method presented can replace the previously empirical model calibration method and enable more confident modeling of the unstable behavior of SMA structures through the use of measured data.Aerospace Engineerin

Observing and Tracking the Great Pacific Garbage Patch

The subtropical waters between Hawaii and California are currently infested with an accumulation of plastic estimated to be twice the area of Texas, otherwise known as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP). This paper presents a novel CubeSat mission to monitor the size, growth and position of the GPGP. At 1.6 million square kilometres, the GPGP is by far the largest and most serious accumulation of garbage out of the five patches littered across the world’s oceans. If we are to prevent further damage to the marine ecosystems, it is imperative we act with the utmost urgency. Leveraging recent technological advancements in imaging capabilities, a comprehensive concept of operations has been produced detailing the satellite\u27s lifecycle from launch to deorbit, including the crucial phases whereby data is collected and transmitted. Although this paper focuses on tracking and monitoring the GPGP, the same concept of operations has the potential to observe all five garbage patches. The proposed mission utilises two reflective indices, Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Floating Debris Index (FDI), that will aid in differentiating surface plastics from other floating materials. For the mission to employ both NDVI and FDI, the chosen payload will require a spectral capture range from 665nm (red edge) to 1600nm (Short Wave Infrared) and would ideally have a Ground Sampling Distance (GSD) of no greater than 10m to guarantee the data collected is valuable

Pulsed, Inductively Generated, Streaming Plasma Ion Source for Heavy Ion Fusion Linacs

This report describes a compact, high current density, pulsed ion source, based on electrodeless, inductively driven gas breakdown, developed to meet the requirements on normalized emittance, current density, uniformity and pulse duration for an ion injector in a heavy-ion fusion driver. The plasma source produces >10 μs pulse of Argon plasma with ion current densities >100 mA/cm2 at 30 cm from the source and with strongly axially directed ion energy of about 80 eV, and sub-eV transverse temperature. The source has good reproducibility and spatial uniformity. Control of the current density during the pulse has been demonstrated with a novel modulator coil method which allows attenuation of the ion current density without significantly affecting the beam quality. This project was carried out in two phases. Phase 1 used source configurations adapted from light ion sources to demonstrate the feasibility of the concept. In Phase 2 the performance of the source was enhanced and quantified in greater detail, a modulator for controlling the pulse shape was developed, and experiments were conducted with the ions accelerated to >40 kV

Plasma flows during the ablation stage of an over-massed pulsed-power-driven exploding planar wire array

We characterize the plasma flows generated during the ablation stage of an over-massed exploding planar wire array, fielded on the COBRA pulsed-power facility (1 MA peak current, 250 ns rise time). The planar wire array is designed to provide a driving magnetic field (80-100 T) and current per wire distribution (about 60 kA), similar to that in a 10 MA cylindrical exploding wire array fielded on the Z machine. Over-massing the arrays enables continuous plasma ablation over the duration of the experiment. The requirement to over-mass on the Z machine necessitates wires with diameters of 75-100 $\mu$m, which are thicker than wires usually fielded on wire array experiments. To test ablation with thicker wires, we perform a parametric study by varying the initial wire diameter between 33-100 $\mu$m. The largest wire diameter (100 $\mu$m) array exhibits early closure of the AK gap, while the gap remains open during the duration of the experiment for wire diameters between 33-75 $\mu$m. Laser plasma interferometry and time-gated XUV imaging are used to probe the plasma flows ablating from the wires. The plasma flows from the wires converge to generate a pinch, which appears as a fast-moving ($V \approx {100}$ kms$^{-1}$) column of increased plasma density ($\bar{n}_e \approx 2 \times 10^{18}$ cm$^{-3}$) and strong XUV emission. Finally, we compare the results with three-dimensional resistive-magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations performed using the code GORGON, the results of which reproduce the dynamics of the experiment reasonably well.Comment: 14 pages; 14 figure