Analysis of global and regional CO burdens measured from space between 2000 and 2009 and validated by ground-based solar tracking spectrometers

Interannual variations in AIRS and MOPITT retrieved CO burdens are validated, corrected, and compared with CO emissions from wild fires from the Global Fire Emission Dataset (GFED2) inventory. Validation of daily mean CO total column (TC) retrievals from MOPITT version 3 and AIRS version 5 is performed through comparisons with archived TC data from the Network for Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) ground-based Fourier Transform Spectrometers (FTS) between March 2000 and December 2007. MOPITT V3 retrievals exhibit an increasing temporal bias with a rate of 1.4–1.8% per year; thus far, AIRS retrievals appear to be more stable. For the lowest CO values in the Southern Hemisphere (SH), AIRS TC retrievals overestimate FTS TC by 20%. MOPITT's bias and standard deviation do not depend on CO TC absolute values. Empirical corrections are derived for AIRS and MOPITT retrievals based on the observed annually averaged bias versus the FTS TC. Recently published MOPITT V4 is found to be in a good agreement with MOPITT V3 corrected by us (with exception of 2000–2001 period). With these corrections, CO burdens from AIRS V5 and MOPITT V3 (as well as MOPITT V4) come into good agreement in the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and in the tropical belt. In the SH, agreement between AIRS and MOPITT CO burdens is better for the larger CO TC in austral winter and worse in austral summer when CO TC are smaller. Before July 2008, all variations in retrieved CO burden can be explained by changes in fire emissions. After July 2008, global and tropical CO burdens decreased until October before recovering by the beginning of 2009. The NH CO burden also decreased but reached a minimum in January 2009 before starting to recover. The decrease in tropical CO burdens is explained by lower than usual fire emissions in South America and Indonesia. This decrease in tropical emissions also accounts for most of the change in the global CO burden. However, no such diminution of NH biomass burning is indicated by GFED2. Thus, the CO burden decrease in the NH could result from a combination of lower fossil fuel emissions during the global economic recession and transport of CO-poor air from the tropics. More extensive modeling will be required to fully resolve this issue

РЕЗОНАНСНЫЕ ШИРОТНО-ИМПУЛЬСНЫЕ ПРЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛИ

Circuit constructions of the DC-to-DC converter with an operated exchange of energy between reactive elements, namely the DC-to-DC converter of an output voltage step-up and step-down (buck-boost) type were described. In the case of the construction of the converter with an inductive storage element, DC-to-DC converter has half the number of reactive elements. Then in the environment of Simuling of the Matlab program a computer model for the specified DC-to-DC converter was created. With its help the operating characteristic was designed and analyzed. By measurements presented on screens of Display blocks, values of currents and voltages on the DC-to-DC converter elements and also all necessary power indicators on entrance and output clips of the converter were determined.Описаны схемные построения широтно-импульсных преобразователей (ШИП) с управляемым обменом энергии между реактивными элементами, а именно ШИП типа понижающе - повышающие выходное напряжение. Для случая построения преобразователя с индуктивным накопительным элементом, ШИП содержит вдвое меньшее число реактивных элементов. В дальнейшем в среде Simuling программы Matlab для указанного ШИП создана компьютерная модель. С её помощью построена и проанализирована регулировочная характеристика. По данным измерений, представленных на экранах блоков Display, определены величины токов и напряжений на элементах ШИП, а также все необходимые энергетические показатели на входных и выходных зажимах преобразователя

The 85^th Anniversary of the V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Rehabilitology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology (Editorial)

Reanimatology (the science of resuscitation) represents the science of critical illness, terminal and postresuscitation conditions, originated within the walls of the V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Rean-imatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, turns 85 years old on October 19, 2021. This editorial briefly describes the history of the development of the Institute, as well as the current scientific achievements of the Institute staff

Study of aversive and p38 mapk-inhibitory properties of kappa-agonist with analgesic activity-compound RU-1205

The clinical use of kappa-opioid agonists, despite their lack of significant drug potential, is limited by the development of severe sedation, dysphoria, depression, and anhedonia. To this date, there are kappa-opioid receptor agonists lacking these side effects due to the selective activation of intracellular signal transmission pathways without p38-MAPK-kinase activatio

ОПЫТ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ АВТОМАТИЧЕСКОГО АНАЛИЗАТОРА BACTEC MGIT 960 ПО СРОКАМ ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ ПОСЕВА

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