841 research outputs found
The theorem of consumer surplus and demand elasticity at equilibrium price in a monopolist competition case
In the market of a monopolistically competition the price of a long-run equilibrium, the consumers’ surplus is equal to a half of fixed cost value, and the price elasticity is equal to the ratio of total to fixed costs.consumer surplus; price elasticity
Multiplicities in the length spectrum and growth rate of Salem numbers
We prove that multiplicities in the length spectrum of a non-compact
arithmetic hyperbolic orbifold of dimension have exponential
growth rate extending the analogous result for even dimensions of
Belolipetsky, Lal\'in, Murillo and Thompson. Our proof is based on the study of
(square-rootable) Salem numbers. As a counterpart, we also prove a refined
version of these asymptotic results, adapting the argument of G\"otze and
Gusakova for the case of square-rootable Salem numbers, to show that one can
not obtain a better estimate on the multiplicities using our approach.Comment: 14 page
Spin-fluctuation theory beyond Gaussian approximation
A characteristic feature of the Gaussian approximation in the
functional-integral approach to the spin-fluctuation theory is the jump phase
transition to the paramagnetic state. We eliminate the jump and obtain a
continuous second-order phase transition by taking into account high-order
terms in the expansion of the free energy in powers of the fluctuating exchange
field. The third-order term of the free energy renormalizes the mean field, and
fourth-order term, responsible for the interaction of the fluctuations,
renormalizes the spin susceptibility. The extended theory is applied to the
calculation of magnetic properties of Fe-Ni Invar.Comment: 20 pages, 4 figure
Ethnicity versus Religion: Conflicting Sources of Political Mobilization in the North Caucasus
Total harmonic distortion of an asymmetric quasi-sinusoidal current
This paper presents the correlation of factors that determine the quality of asymmetric quasi-sinusoidal output current and dynamic losses in the switches of the current generator circuit. The operating mode of the generator was obtained, especially of its power circuit elements, where combination of acceptable output current quality with relatively small dynamic losses in switches and mass-dimensional parameters of the inductor are provided. Achieved results can be used in designing this type of generators
Genome sequencing reveals extraordinary cephalic horns in the Madagascan dung beetle genus Helictopleurus (Coleoptera, Scarabaeinae) : insight from a revision of fungicola species group
In this study, we test and corroborate the phylogenetic position of Heterosyphus within Helictopleurus using mitogenomes and nuclear loci. Our recent samplings revealed that males of the former Heterosyphus sicardi Paulian, 1975 (today under Helictopleurus d'Orbigny, 1915) have extraordinary bilateral clypeal horns which are exclusive within the genus. We provide a taxonomic review of the fungicola species group of Helictopleurus and discuss the systematic position of H. sicardi within the group. The male phenotype of H. sicardi is described and photographs of the body and genitalia of the members of the fungicola group are given, as well as a diagnostic key to species of the group. Helictopleurus fungicola peyrierasi is considered to be a distinct species within the genus (H. peyrierasi stat. rest.). Helictopleurus pluristriatus d'Orbigny, 1915 syn. nov. is established as a junior synonym of H. fungicola (Fairmaire, 1899).Peer reviewe
Design of signal modulator for RF polar transmitter
This paper presents new approach to signal modulation
for high efficiency polar transmitter. The new modulator
is derived by analyzing complex to polar transforming equations.
Once spectral behavior of an envelope and phase signals
are known, new architecture offering lower complexity in an
analog domain and more flexibility for reconfiguration than a
conventional modulator is derived. Concept of the modulator is
verified in the course of step-by step simulations with a 5MHz
BW input signal at a carrier frequency fC = 2:14GHz. Also,
a drain efficiency of a Class E PA driven by the modulator is
discussed, and optimal solution for sampling rate is propose
Markov Chain-Based Stochastic Modelling of HIV-1 Life Cycle in a CD4 T Cell
Replication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV) in infected CD4+ T cells represents a key driver of HIV infection. The HIV life cycle is characterised by the heterogeneity of infected cells with respect to multiplicity of infection and the variability in viral progeny. This heterogeneity can result from the phenotypic diversity of infected cells as well as from random effects and fluctuations in the kinetics of biochemical reactions underlying the virus replication cycle. To quantify the contribution of stochastic effects to the variability of HIV life cycle kinetics, we propose a high-resolution mathematical model formulated as a Markov chain jump process. The model is applied to generate the statistical characteristics of the (i) cell infection multiplicity, (ii) cooperative nature of viral replication, and (iii) variability in virus secretion by phenotypically identical cells. We show that the infection with a fixed number of viruses per CD4+ T cell leads to some heterogeneity of infected cells with respect to the number of integrated proviral genomes. The bottleneck factors in the virus production are identified, including the Gag-Pol proteins. Sensitivity analysis enables ranking of the model parameters with respect to the strength of their impact on the size of viral progeny. The first three globally influential parameters are the transport of genomic mRNA to membrane, the tolerance of transcription activation to Tat-mediated regulation, and the degradation of free and mature virions. These can be considered as potential therapeutical targets
On the sequence
We prove, that the sequence produces at least distinct residues modulo prime . Moreover, factorials on an
interval of length produce at least distinct residues modulo
. As a consequence, we obtain a polynomial improvement in the problem of
representing a given residue class as a product of seven small factorials.Comment: 9 page
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