51,839 research outputs found
STATE TRADING VERSUS EXPORT SUBSIDIES: THE CASE OF CANADIAN WHEAT
Canada and the United States have used different trade policies to support their wheat industries. Canada conferred sole export powers to the Canadian Wheat Board, allowing it to price discriminate among markets. The U.S. government has funded transfers to its wheat producers from taxpayers, instead, through export subsidies. This study compares these two ways of supporting producers in terms of their transfer efficiency and overall deadweight losses, the incidence on different domestic interest groups, and their consequences for third party traders. In the analysis we consider the implications of market power of wheat marketing firms for the comparison of policy alternatives in the context of the Canadian wheat industry.International Relations/Trade,
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Identifying sources of error in cross-national questionnaires: Application of an error source typology to cognitive interview data
This article evaluates a Cross National Error Source Typology that was developed as a tool for making cross-national questionnaire design more effective. Cross-national questionnaire design has a number of potential error sources that are either not present or are less common in single nation studies. Tools that help to identify these error sources better inform the survey researcher when improving a source questionnaire that serves as the basis for translation. This article outlines the theoretical and practical development of the typology and evaluates an attempt to apply it to cross-national cognitive interviewing findings from the European Social Survey
AdS Strings with Torsion: Non-complex Heterotic Compactifications
Combining the effects of fluxes and gaugino condensation in heterotic
supergravity, we use a ten-dimensional approach to find a new class of
four-dimensional supersymmetric AdS compactifications on almost-Hermitian
manifolds of SU(3) structure. Computation of the torsion allows a
classification of the internal geometry, which for a particular combination of
fluxes and condensate, is nearly Kahler. We argue that all moduli are fixed,
and we show that the Kahler potential and superpotential proposed in the
literature yield the correct AdS radius. In the nearly Kahler case, we are able
to solve the H Bianchi using a nonstandard embedding. Finally, we point out
subtleties in deriving the effective superpotential and understanding the
heterotic supergravity in the presence of a gaugino condensate.Comment: 42 pages; v2. added refs, revised discussion of Bianchi for N
Continuous breakdown of Purcell's scallop theorem with inertia
Purcell's scallop theorem defines the type of motions of a solid body -
reciprocal motions - which cannot propel the body in a viscous fluid with zero
Reynolds number. For example, the flapping of a wing is reciprocal and, as was
recently shown, can lead to directed motion only if its frequency Reynolds
number, Re_f, is above a critical value of order one. Using elementary
examples, we show the existence of oscillatory reciprocal motions which are
effective for all arbitrarily small values of the frequency Reynolds number and
induce net velocities scaling as (Re_f)^\alpha (alpha > 0). This demonstrates a
continuous breakdown of the scallop theorem with inertia.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figur
Maser Flare Simulations from Oblate and Prolate Clouds
We investigated, through numerical models, the flaring variability that may
arise from the rotation of maser clouds of approximately spheroidal geometry,
ranging from strongly oblate to strongly prolate examples. Inversion solutions
were obtained for each of these examples over a range of saturation levels from
unsaturated to highly saturated. Formal solutions were computed for rotating
clouds with many randomly chosen rotation axes, and corresponding averaged
maser light curves plotted with statistical information. The dependence of
results on the level of saturation and on the degree of deformation from the
spherical case were investigated in terms of a variability index and duty
cycle. It may be possible to distinguish observationally between flares from
oblate and prolate objects. Maser flares from rotation are limited to long
timescales (at least a few years) and modest values of the variability index
(), and can be aperiodic or quasi-periodic. Rotation is therefore
not a good model for HO variability on timescales of weeks to months, or of
truly periodic flares.Comment: 11 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
Auxin regulates SCFTIR1-dependent degradation of AUX/IAA proteins
The plant hormone auxin is central in many aspects of plant development. Previous studies have implicated the ubiquitin-ligase SCFTIR1 and the AUX/IAA proteins in auxin response. Dominant mutations in several AUX/IAA genes confer pleiotropic auxin-related phenotypes, whereas recessive mutations affecting the function of SCFTIR1 decrease auxin response. Here we show that SCFTIR1 is required for AUX/IAA degradation. We demonstrate that SCFTIR1 interacts with AXR2/IAA7 and AXR3/IAA17, and that domain II of these proteins is necessary and sufficient for this interaction. Further, auxin stimulates binding of SCFTIR1 to the AUX/IAA proteins, and their degradation. Because domain II is conserved in nearly all AUX/IAA proteins in Arabidopsis, we propose that auxin promotes the degradation of this large family of transcriptional regulators, leading to diverse downstream effects
Measuring the muon's anomalous magnetic moment to 0.14 ppm
The anomalous magnetic moment (g-2) of the muon was measured with a precision
of 0.54 ppm in Experiment 821 at Brookhaven National Laboratory. A difference
of 3.2 standard deviations between this experimental value and the prediction
of the Standard Model has persisted since 2004; in spite of considerable
experimental and theoretical effort, there is no consistent explanation for
this difference. This comparison hints at physics beyond the Standard Model,
but it also imposes strong constraints on those possibilities, which include
supersymmetry and extra dimensions. The collaboration is preparing to relocate
the experiment to Fermilab to continue towards a proposed precision of 0.14
ppm. This will require 20 times more recorded decays than in the previous
measurement, with corresponding improvements in the systematic uncertainties.
We describe the theoretical developments and the experimental upgrades that
provide a compelling motivation for the new measurement.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure, presented at International Nuclear Physics
Conference 2010 (INPC 2010
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