G92-1111 Mineral and Vitamin Nutrition of Dairy Cattle

This NebGuide focuses on the best sources of minerals and vitamins, current requirements for production, and feeding practices to best meet these requirements and promote health and productivity of dairy cattle. Dairy cattle require at least 17 minerals and three vitamins in their diet for optimal milk production, reproductive performance, and herd health. Although classical mineral or vitamin deficiency symptoms are rare, in many cases under- and overfeeding of certain minerals and vitamins does occur. Even small imbalances or deficiencies can develop into reproductive, health, and milk production problems. As herd milk production averages in Nebraska climb, it will become more critical to balance and fine-tune the dairy herd\u27s mineral and vitamin feeding program

G90-1003 Maximizing Feed Intake for Maximum Milk Production

This NebGuide emphasizes the importance of maximizing feed intake for maximum milk production, and management practices which stimulate feeding activity by dairy cattle. The goal of most dairy producers is to maximize milk production in a cost-effective manner. On the typical dairy farm, feed costs represent nearly 50 percent of the total milk production cost. Economically, it is important to maximize feed intake, improve efficiency of feed use, and lower feeding costs. Many dairy producers fail to realize that there is more involved with properly feeding a dairy cow than looking at a computer printout of a balanced ration. With high producing cows, successfully implementing management strategies to maximize feed intake will determine how well a balanced diet supports milk production. Dry matter intake provides the framework for a productive, profitable ration. A dairy cow has ration requirements for pounds of protein and other nutrients, not simply percentages. Dry matter intake must be known or estimated accurately to make sure that the nutrients required to support milk production can be provided in an amount of feed that the cow can reasonably consume in a day. An optimal feeding program consists of a balanced ration and management for maximal feed intake

G92-1111 Mineral and Vitamin Nutrition of Dairy Cattle

This NebGuide focuses on the best sources of minerals and vitamins, current requirements for production, and feeding practices to best meet these requirements and promote health and productivity of dairy cattle. Dairy cattle require at least 17 minerals and three vitamins in their diet for optimal milk production, reproductive performance, and herd health. Although classical mineral or vitamin deficiency symptoms are rare, in many cases under- and overfeeding of certain minerals and vitamins does occur. Even small imbalances or deficiencies can develop into reproductive, health, and milk production problems. As herd milk production averages in Nebraska climb, it will become more critical to balance and fine-tune the dairy herd\u27s mineral and vitamin feeding program

N-alkane as an Internal Market for Predicting Digestibility of Forages

Independent digestion trials were conducted with three immature grasses, mature grass hay, and alfalfa hay to compare n-alkane with indigestible ADF (IADF) as internal markers to predict in vivo dry matter digestibility (DMD). Forage DMD estimated with n-alkane ratios were lower than in vivo DMD. N-alkanes predicted higher DMD than IADF for alfalfa hay and two of the immature grasses. Comparison of freeze-drying and oven-drying on fecal n-alkane concentrations showed oven drying reduced amounts of n-alkane extracted for alfalfa hay but had no effect on grass hay. Although fecal recovery of markers was incomplete, more n-alkane was recovered than IADF

N-alkane as an Internal Market for Predicting Digestibility of Forages

Independent digestion trials were conducted with three immature grasses, mature grass hay, and alfalfa hay to compare n-alkane with indigestible ADF (IADF) as internal markers to predict in vivo dry matter digestibility (DMD). Forage DMD estimated with n-alkane ratios were lower than in vivo DMD. N-alkanes predicted higher DMD than IADF for alfalfa hay and two of the immature grasses. Comparison of freeze-drying and oven-drying on fecal n-alkane concentrations showed oven drying reduced amounts of n-alkane extracted for alfalfa hay but had no effect on grass hay. Although fecal recovery of markers was incomplete, more n-alkane was recovered than IADF

Physicochemical changes in bone bioapatite during the late postmortem interval pre- and post-burning

Postmortem chemical transformation of bone bioapatite can take place during early diagenesis resulting in a more thermodynamically stable mineral phase. This paper examines the impact of a 1-year postmortem interval on unburnt and burnt bone’s structural and chemical alterations. This question is of importance for the reconstruction of funerary practices involving cremation in the archaeological record, as well as forensic anthropological investigations. Fleshed pig (Sus scrofa) tibiae were left exposed in a field, then collected at 14, 34, 91, 180, 365-day intervals prior to being burnt in an outdoor fire (≤750 °C bone temperature). Fresh (fleshed) tibiae acted as unburnt and burnt controls. Also included in the study were two cremated human bone fragments from Middle/Late Neolithic (ca. 3300–2500 cal BC) Ireland. Samples were analysed for major and trace elements by wavelength dispersive electron microprobe analyser (EMP-WDS) and molecular structures by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Linear regression, PCA, LDA, and MANOVA were performed for statistical analysis. Results indicate that the concentrations of elements associated with extracellular fluid (K, Na, Cl) change with the postmortem interval (PMI) and survive burning. K values under 0.07 ± 0.01 wt% in inner and mid-cortical zones of burnt bones suggest that bones were not burnt immediately after death. Using this criterion, results from the archaeological samples would indicate a PMI of at least weeks to months prior to cremation. Ca, P, Fe, Al, Si, and Sr are not significantly altered with burning, and Fe, Al, Si, Sr are also unaffected by the PMI. In unburnt bones increased crystallinity and carbonate loss are detectable in <1 year, but both are obscured by burning. Structurally, the carbonate to phosphate ratio (C/P), the phosphate high temperature (PHT), and cyanamide to phosphate (CN/P) are the most useful ratios for discriminating between unburnt and burnt bones

Separate Pathways for Antigen Presentation by CD1 Molecules

AbstractThe ability to sample relevant intracellular compartments is necessary for effective antigen presentation. To detect peptide antigens, MHC class I and II molecules differentially sample cytosolic and endosomal compartments. CD1 constitutes another lineage of lipid antigen-presenting molecules. We show that CD1b traffics deeply into late endosomal compartments, while CD1a is excluded from these compartments and instead traffics independently in the recycling pathway of the early endocytic system. Further, CD1b but not CD1a antigen presentation is dependent upon vesicular acidification. Since lipids and various bacteria are known to traffic differentially, either penetrating deeply into the endocytic system or following the route of recycling endosomes, these findings elucidate efficient monitoring of distinct components of the endocytic compartment by CD1 lipid antigen-presenting molecules

Assessing the reliability of microbial bioerosion features in burnt bones: a novel approach using feature-labelling in histotaphonomical analysis

Objectives Recent histotaphonomic studies have focused on the presence of features thought to be caused either by bacteria (microscopic focal destruction/MFD and cyanobacterial tunnelling) or fungal (Wedl tunnelling types 1 and 2) attack on unburnt bone. Identifying these characteristics on burnt bones could indicate the state of decomposition before burning, with important repercussions for both archaeological and forensic contexts. Materials and Methods Fleshed pig (Sus scrofa, N = 25) tibiae were left exposed on a field, then collected at 14-, 34-, 91-, 180-, 365-day intervals before being burnt in an outdoor fire (≤750 °C). Fresh (fleshed) legs (N = 10) acted as unburnt and burnt controls. Thin sections were examined using transmitted light microscopy and backscattered scanning electron microscopy. Diagenetic traits were quantitatively and systematically assessed by a novel data labelling application developed for this study. Results Features meeting the published characteristics of microbial bioerosion (‘Wedl tunnelling’, ‘lamellate’ and ‘budded MFD’) were significantly correlated with time since deposition on the unburnt bones. Only budded MFD increased significantly over time in the burnt groups. However, the presence features meeting the published characteristics of Wedl 2 tunnelling were present on the fresh burnt bones, indicating that they are an artefact. Discussion The presence of many features seemingly indistinguishable from those caused by bioerosion on the freshly burnt control bones suggests that burning is not only able to conceal features thought to be the result of bioerosion but can produce them as well. Thus, such features are not a reliable indication of bioerosion. Budded MFD may be a viable indicator but more research is required

The Prevalence and Clinical Implications of Comorbid Back Pain in Shoulder Instability: A Multicenter Orthopaedic Outcomes Network (MOON) Shoulder Instability Cohort Study.

Background:Understanding predictors of pain is critical, as recent literature shows that comorbid back pain is an independent risk factor for worse functional and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) as well as increased opioid dependence after total joint arthroplasty. Purpose/Hypothesis:The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether comorbid back pain would be predictive of pain or self-reported instability symptoms at the time of stabilization surgery. We hypothesized that comorbid back pain will correlate with increased pain at the time of surgery as well as with worse scores on shoulder-related PRO measures. Study Design:Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods:As part of the Multicenter Orthopaedic Outcomes Network (MOON) Shoulder Instability cohort, patients consented to participate in pre- and intraoperative data collection. Demographic characteristics, injury history, preoperative PRO scores, and radiologic and intraoperative findings were recorded for patients undergoing surgical shoulder stabilization. Patients were also asked, whether they had any back pain. Results:The study cohort consisted of 1001 patients (81% male; mean age, 24.1 years). Patients with comorbid back pain (158 patients; 15.8%) were significantly older (28.1 vs 23.4 years; P &lt; .001) and were more likely to be female (25.3% vs 17.4%; P = .02) but did not differ in terms of either preoperative imaging or intraoperative findings. Patients with self-reported back pain had significantly worse preoperative pain and shoulder-related PRO scores (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index) (P &lt; .001), more frequent depression (22.2% vs 8.3%; P &lt; .001), poorer mental health status (worse scores for the RAND 36-Item Health Survey Mental Component Score, Iowa Quick Screen, and Personality Assessment Screener) (P &lt; .01), and worse preoperative expectations (P &lt; .01). Conclusion:Despite having similar physical findings, patients with comorbid back pain had more severe preoperative pain and self-reported symptoms of instability as well as more frequent depression and lower mental health scores. The combination of disproportionate shoulder pain, comorbid back pain and mental health conditions, and inferior preoperative expectations may affect not only the patient's preoperative state but also postoperative pain control and/or postoperative outcomes

Intestinal transplantation in children under FK 506 immunosuppression

Intestinal transplantation, solitary (n = 3) or in combination with the liver (n = 7), was performed in 10 pediatric patients with intestinal failure. The liver was only replaced if there was liver failure and portal hypertension. Immunosuppression was based on FK 506. Two patients died, one of graft-versus-host disease and one of lymphoproliferative disease. One patient was still in the intensive care unit 1 month posttransplantation due to perioperative complications. The function of the intestinal grafts in the remaining patients is normal. All nutrition and medications including immunosuppression are being administered enterally. This series indicates that small bowel transplantation, alone or in combination with the liver, is feasible in pediatric patients. © 1993