A systematic review of maternal smoking during pregnancy and fetal measurements with meta-analysis

Funding: The study was supported by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology, who provided funds for publication. KMG is supported by the National Institute for Health Research through the NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre and by the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013), projects Early Nutrition and ODIN under grant agreement numbers 289346 and 613977.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Customer emotions in service failure and recovery encounters

Emotions play a significant role in the workplace, and considerable attention has been given to the study of employee emotions. Customers also play a central function in organizations, but much less is known about customer emotions. This chapter reviews the growing literature on customer emotions in employee–customer interfaces with a focus on service failure and recovery encounters, where emotions are heightened. It highlights emerging themes and key findings, addresses the measurement, modeling, and management of customer emotions, and identifies future research streams. Attention is given to emotional contagion, relationships between affective and cognitive processes, customer anger, customer rage, and individual differences

Management of Coarse Sediment in Regulated Rivers of California

There are significant problems in the management of coarse sediment (sand and gravels) in regulated rivers of California. Unfortunately, these have been generally treated (or ignored) on a case-by-case basis, however, the effects are pervasive and profound, with substantial costs and severe environmental impacts. Problems arise due to the human manipulation of coarse sediment through reservoir construction, which blocks the movement of coarse sediment down the river, and through instream gravel mining, which removes this material from the river system for use primarily in construction-related projects. Impacts identified include: bed material coarsening, channel incision, channel geometry changes, hydrologic regime alterations, and changes in transport of sediment. Many of these impacts result in damage to or destruction of anadromous fisheries habitat, and are partly responsible for the dramatic declines in anadromous fisheries resources in the last 50 years. other types of impacts include damage to instream structures, loss of riparian habitat, and increased risk of damaging channel changes.We documented these types of impacts on a set of major river drainages on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, along with several rivers in the Coast Ranges. We have reviewed the institutional and regulatory framework for both reservoir operation and instream mining, finding inconsistencies and lack of standard requirements for monitoring and mitigation of environmental impacts. various techniques that comprise the existing piecemeal approach to restoration and enhancement of coarse sediment resources were inventoried. We propose alternative strategies for management of coarse sediment tha

Management of Coarse Sediment in Regulated Rivers of California

There are significant problems in the management of coarse sediment (sand and gravels) in regulated rivers of California. Unfortunately, these have been generally treated (or ignored) on a case-by-case basis, however, the effects are pervasive and profound, with substantial costs and severe environmental impacts. Problems arise due to the human manipulation of coarse sediment through reservoir construction, which blocks the movement of coarse sediment down the river, and through instream gravel mining, which removes this material from the river system for use primarily in construction-related projects. Impacts identified include: bed material coarsening, channel incision, channel geometry changes, hydrologic regime alterations, and changes in transport of sediment. Many of these impacts result in damage to or destruction of anadromous fisheries habitat, and are partly responsible for the dramatic declines in anadromous fisheries resources in the last 50 years. other types of impacts include damage to instream structures, loss of riparian habitat, and increased risk of damaging channel changes.We documented these types of impacts on a set of major river drainages on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, along with several rivers in the Coast Ranges. We have reviewed the institutional and regulatory framework for both reservoir operation and instream mining, finding inconsistencies and lack of standard requirements for monitoring and mitigation of environmental impacts. various techniques that comprise the existing piecemeal approach to restoration and enhancement of coarse sediment resources were inventoried. We propose alternative strategies for management of coarse sediment tha