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[No abstract available

Insolventer Adel? Gant-Prozesse gegen Angehörige des mediatisierten Adels im Königreich Württemberg zur ‚Umbruchzeit’ im Kontext der Rechtsvorgaben des sich wandelnden Staates

Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, durch die Verknüpfung von Adel und Konkurs zwei The-menbereiche miteinander zu verbinden, die zumindest gemäß der landläufigen Meinung nur schwer miteinander in Einklang zu bringen sind: Untersucht werden sollte, wie oft sich in Württemberg um 1800 Gantverfahren gegen Adelige finden lassen, wie Adelige in Konkurs gerieten, wer Adeligen überhaupt Kredit gab, welche Strategien abgeleitet werden können, trotz Konkurs ‚oben‘ zu bleiben und welche Folgen Adelige nach einem Konkurs in Württem-berg zu erwarten hatten, das in dem Ruf stand, besonders adelsfeindlich zu sein, da Altwürttemberg über keinen nennenswerten Adel verfügte und Friedrich I. den ehemals reichsunmit-telbaren Adel Neuwürttembergs sehr restriktiv in die Strukturen des jungen Königreichs zu integrieren versuchte. Sowohl qualitativ und quantitativ sollten bisher nicht systematisch untersuchte Aktenbestände zu Gant-Prozessen des mediatisierten Adels im Königreich Württemberg zur ‚Umbruchzeit’ analysiert und ausgewertet werden, um die Lebensweltlichkeit des insolventen Adels zu reflektieren. Festgehalten werden kann, dass aus diesen eher ungünstigen Voraussetzungen des Adels in Württemberg im Vergleich zu Nicht-Adeligen kein erhöhtes Konkurs-Risiko resultierte und Adelige im Konkurs auch bei sehr hohen Schulden einen eher günstigen Verlauf erwarten konnten. Zwar gingen für die Familien konkursbedingt Vermögenswerte (z.B. Rittergüter) verloren. Eben weil seitens der Gerichte nicht alle Einkommens- und Vermögenswerte zur Schuldentilgung miteinbezogen wurden, gelang ihnen aber im ökonomischen Sinne ein bedingtes ‚Obenbleiben‘. Trotz des Verlustes einzelner Vermögenswerte waren betroffene Adelige aufgrund von bestehenden Ressourcen, effektiven Netzwerken und einer offenbar nicht dezidiert adelsfeindlich agierenden Jurisprudenz auch weiterhin zur Aufrechterhaltung eines adeligen Lebensstils in der Lage, zumal der Verlust von sozialem Kapital offenbar nur temporär war, da auch innerhalb eines Konkurses noch weitere Schulden auf-genommen werden konnten. Ein wirkliche Bedrohung im ökonomischen Sinne bestand nur dann, wenn die betroffenen Adeligen (wie am Beispiel des Sigismund Graf von Etzdorf dargestellt) nur über eine einzige Einkommensquelle verfügten, weil diese dann gepfändet werden konnte, wobei den Adeligen auch dann durch Zusicherung der Kompetenz ein Selbstbehalt blieb, der weit über dem Durchschnittseinkommen eines Bürgerlichen oder eines Handwerkers lag. Auch im sozialen Sinne gelang den betroffenen Adeligen i.d.R. eine soziale Repositionierung beispielsweise in höherer Position in Verwaltung und Politik. Der Weg in den Konkurs (begünstigt durch die unkonkreten Vorgaben des Altwürttembergischen Konkursrechts) konnte sich über Jahrhunderte hinziehen, wobei es den Adeligen aufgrund ihrer vielfältigen beruflichen Tätigkeiten in verschiedenen Territorien gelang, Netzwerke zu bilden, in denen sie durch die effiziente Schuldenaufnahme bei anderen Adeligen, Bürgerlichen und Geldverleihern voneinander räumlich getrennte Schuldenclaims von beeindruckendem Umfang generierten.The aim of the present work was to combine by linking aristocracy and bankruptcy two subject areas which, at least according to popular opinion, are difficult to reconcile: It should be examined how often bankruptcy proceedings against nobles could be found in Württemberg around the year 1800, how nobles went bankrupt, who gave credit to nobles at all, what strategies could be derived to stay 'on top' despite bankruptcy, and what consequences nobles had to expect after a bankruptcy in Württemberg, which had the reputation of being particularly hostile to nobility, since Altwürttemberg had no nobility worth mentioning and Friedrich I attempted to integrate the former immediate nobility of New Württemberg very restrictively into the structures of the young kingdom. The aim was to analyse and evaluate both qualitatively and quantitatively documents of the bankruptcy processes of the mediatised nobility in the Kingdom of Württemberg at the time of upheaval, which had not been systematically investigated until then, in order to reflect the everyday life of the insolvent nobility. It can be stated that these rather unfavourable conditions of the nobility in Württemberg did not result in an increased risk of bankruptcy compared to non-aristocrats, and that aristocrats in bankruptcy could expect a rather favourable course of events even with very high debts. Although the families lost assets (e.g. knight's estates) as a result of competition, precisely because the courts did not include all income and assets in the settlement of debts, they managed to 'stay on top' in the economic sense. Despite the loss of individual assets, the nobility affected were still able to maintain a noble lifestyle due to existing resources, effective networks and a juris-prudence that was obviously not decidedly anti-noble, especially since the loss of social capi-tal was apparently only temporary, since even within a bankruptcy further debts could be taken on. A real threat in the economic sense existed only if the nobles concerned (as shown in the example of Sigismund Graf von Etzdorf) had only one source of income because this could then be seized, whereby even then, by assuring the nobility of their competence, a deductible remained for them which was far above the average income of a commoner or a craftsman. Also in the social dimension, the nobles concerned generally succeeded in repositioning themselves socially in a higher position in administration and politics. The road to bankruptcy (favoured by the unspecific requirements of the Old Württemberg bankruptcy law) could drag on for centuries, whereby the nobles, due to their diverse professional activities in different territories, succeeded in forming networks in which they generated spatially separated debt claims of impressive size by efficiently taking on debts with other nobles, commoners and money lenders

Narcissism at the CEO–TMT interface: measuring executive narcissism and testing its effects on TMT composition

Extant strategic leadership literature has established the substantial and nuanced implications of narcissism in chief executive officers (CEOs) for firm outcomes, and psychological research on narcissism in groups highlights the importance of narcissism for interpersonal dynamics. However, there is little research on strategic leaders’ narcissism and the CEO–top management team (TMT) interface, especially related to its configuration by way of TMT composition. In this article, we therefore study two issues. First, we examine how CEO narcissism directly affects two aspects of TMT composition—the narcissism of newly appointed TMT members and TMT turnover. Second, we consider the moderating effect of TMT narcissism on the relationship between CEO narcissism and TMT turnover. To be able to test our theory, we develop and extensively validate a novel measure based on LinkedIn profiles that allows us to capture the narcissism of non-CEO executives. We find substantial support for our predictions in a large sample of executives of S&P 1500 corporations across a 5-year time frame. We discuss the contributions and implications of our findings for the literatures on executive narcissism, TMT composition, and the CEO–TMT interface

Note from the editor, January 2021

[no abstract available

Dopaminergic and opioidergic regulation during anticipation and consumption of social and nonsocial rewards

The observation of animal orofacial and behavioral reactions has played a fundamental role in research on reward but is seldom assessed in humans. Healthy volunteers (N = 131) received 400 mg of the dopaminergic antagonist amisulpride, 50 mg of the opioidergic antagonist naltrexone, or placebo. Subjective ratings, physical effort, and facial reactions to matched primary social (affective touch) and nonsocial (food) rewards were assessed. Both drugs resulted in lower physical effort and greater negative facial reactions during reward anticipation, especially of food rewards. Only opioidergic manipulation through naltrexone led to a reduction in positive facial reactions to liked rewards during reward consumption. Subjective ratings of wanting and liking were not modulated by either drug. Results suggest that facial reactions during anticipated and experienced pleasure rely on partly different neurochemical systems, and also that the neurochemical bases for food and touch rewards are not identical

The Role of decision-analytic modelling in German health technology assessments

BACKGROUND: Decision-analytic modelling (DAM) has become a widespread method in health technology assessments (HTA), but the extent to which modelling is used differs among international HTA institutions. In Germany, the use of DAM is optional within HTAs of the German Institute of Medical Documentation and Information (DIMDI). Our study examines the use of DAM in DIMDI HTA reports and its effect on the quality of information provided for health policies. METHODS: A review of all DIMDI HTA reports (from 1998 to September 2012) incorporating an economic assessment was performed. All included reports were divided into two groups: HTAs with DAM and HTAs without DAM. In both groups, reports were categorized according to the quality of information provided for healthcare decision making. RESULTS: Of the sample of 107 DIMDI HTA reports, 17 (15.9%) used DAM for economic assessment. In the group without DAM, conclusions were limited by the quality of economic information in 51.1% of the reports, whereas we did not find limited conclusions in the group with DAM. Furthermore, 24 reports without DAM (26.7%) stated that using DAM would likely improve the quality of information of the economic assessment. CONCLUSION: The use of DAM techniques can improve the quality of HTAs in Germany. When, after a systematic review of existing literature within a HTA, it is clear that DAM is likely to positively affect the quality of the economic assessment DAM should be used