Caracterización acústica de las agregaciones de krill (Euphausia superba) detectadas automáticamente en el Estrecho de Bransfield e Isla Elefante

In the present study, krill (Euphasia superba) aggregations identified in the Bransfield Strait and around of Elephant Island were characterized. Data were collected using a multifrequency SIMRAD EK80 echosounder during three austral summers: 2018, 2019 and 2020. For detection of krill agreggations, two frequencies (38 and 120 kHz) and an automated Echoview version 9 algorithm with the EchoviewR package in R were used. A total of 22,221 aggregations were detected. Acoustic descriptors were analyzed with Pearson's correlation. For the characterization of krill aggregations, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied, followed by hierarchical clustering. To determine temporal differences of clusters, an ANOVA was applied. In addition, krill aggregations were assigned to surface environmental variables to apply a generalized additive model (GAM). Using the first 3 dimensions of the PCA (which explained 81% of the total variability), three clusters were identified. The first cluster was characterized by krill aggregations having lower height (2 m), backscattering acoustic energy (7 m2 mn-2), and being located at a greater depth (81 m). The second cluster had the shallowest swarms (34 m), shortest length (75 m) and compactness (202). Finally, the third cluster had the largest swarms in length (849 m), volume (207,412 m3) and height (11 m); in addition of having greater acoustic energy (637 m2 mn-2), obliquity (6), compactness (2,436) and coefficient of variation (213). Spatially, cluster I was located with a greater presence around Elephant Island during 2018 and 2019, while for the same period, clusters I and II were located scattered throughout the study area but focused on the Bransfield Strait. By 2020, thermal anomalies of approximately +2 °C were presented and there was a dispersion of three clusters throughout the study area, where cluster I was located with a greater presence in the Bransfield Strait. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between the clusters by year. However, those differences were not so marked. Through a GAM, it was established that all variables for each cluster were significant (p < 0.05). Swarms were kept in average conditions of temperature (0.8 °C), salinity (34.14) and dissolved oxygen (8.16 ml l-1). On an interannual scale, it was observed that the characteristics of aggregations did not change.En el presente estudio se caracterizaron agregaciones de krill (Euphasia superba) identificadas en el Estrecho de Bransfield y los alrededores de la Isla Elefante. Los datos fueron recolectados con una ecosonda multifrecuencia SIMRAD EK80 durante tres veranos australes 2018, 2019 y 2020. Para la detección de agrega-ciones de krill se utilizaron dos frecuencias (38 y 120 kHz) y un algoritmo incluido en un programa destinado para el post procesamiento denominado Echoview versión 9, automatizado con el paquete EchoviewR en R. Se detectaron un total de 22.221 agregaciones. Los descriptores acústicos fueron analizados con la correlación de Pearson. Para la caracterización de agregaciones de krill se aplicó un análisis de componentes principales (PCA), seguidamente de un agrupamiento jerárquico. Para determinar las diferencias temporales de los clústeres fue aplicado un análisis de varianza ANOVA. Además, a las agregaciones de krill se le asignaron las variables ambientales superficiales para aplicarle un modelo generalizado aditivo (GAM). Utilizando las primeras 3 dimensiones del PCA (que explicaron el 81% de la variabilidad total) se identificaron tres clústeres. El primer clúster se caracterizó por tener agregaciones de krill con menor altura (2 m) y bajos valores en el coeficiente de retrodispersión acústica (7 m2 mn-2), y estar ubicado a mayor profundidad (81 m). El segundo clúster tuvo las agregaciones más someras (34 m), de menor longitud (75 m) y compacidad (202). Finalmente, el tercer clúster presentó agregaciones de mayor longitud (849 m), volumen (207.412 m3) y altura (11 m), además de tener elevados valores de retrodispersión acústica (637 m2 mn-2), oblicuidad (6), compacidad (2.436) y coeficiente de variación (213). Espacialmente, el clúster l se localizó con mayor presencia en los alrededores de la Isla Elefante durante el 2018 y 2019, mientras que para este mismo periodo los clústeres I y II se ubicaron dispersos en toda la zona de estudio, pero focalizados en el Estrecho de Bransfield. Para 2020 se presentaron anomalías térmicas de +2 °C aproximadamente y hubo una dispersión de los tres clústeres en toda la zona de estudio, donde se observó que el clúster I se localizó con mayor presencia en el Estrecho de Bransfield. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p < 0,05) entre los clústeres por año. Sin embargo, dichas diferencias no fueron tan marcadas. Mediante un GAM, se estableció que todas las variables para cada clúster fueron significativas (p < 0,05). Las agregaciones se mantuvieron en condiciones promedio de temperatura (0,8 °C), salinidad (34,14) y oxígeno disuelto (8,16 ml l-1). A escala interanual, se observó que las características de las agrega-ciones no cambiaron

Estratificación por datos clínicos y demográficos de la sensibilidad antibiótica de Escherichia coli de infecciones del tracto urinario de origen comunitario

Aim: To determine the patterns of antibiotic susceptibility of Escherichia coli strains isolated from adult patients with urinary tract infection (UTI), and to stratify the results by age and type of UTI to verify if there are statistically significant differences that can help physicians to prescribe better empirical antibiotherapy. Design: Cross-sectional prospective study. Location: Community of Getafe (Madrid). Primary care level. Participants: 100 E. coli strains, randomly chosen, isolated from the urine (104-105cfu/ml) of different patients from primary care centers in the Getafe area. Main measurements: The antibiotic susceptibility of the strains was evaluated and the results were stratified by age and type of UTI. The clinical and demographic data of the patients were analyzed, classifying each episode as complicated UTI or uncomplicated UTI. Results: Strains isolated from patients with uncomplicated UTI showed significantly greater susceptibility than those of complicated UTI to amoxicillin (65.9% vs. 30.6%, p=0.001), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (95.5% vs. 77.6%, p=0.013) and ciprofloxacin (81.8% vs. 63.3%, p=0.047). In complicated UTI, susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was significantly greater in the ≤65 years age group compared to the older age group (78.3% vs. 50%, respectively, p=0.041). In the rest of antibiotics, no statistically significant differences were obtained when comparing by age (≤65 years versus >65 years), both in uncomplicated and complicated UTI. Conclusions: Clinical and demographic data of patients with UTI are of great importance in the results of the antibiotic susceptibility in E. coli. Antibiograms stratified by patient characteristics may better facilitate empirical antibiotic selection for UTI in primary care.Objetivo: Determinar los patrones de sensibilidad antibiótica de cepas de Escherichia coli aisladas de pacientes adultos con infección del tracto urinario (ITU), y estratificar los resultados por edad y tipo de ITU para verificar si existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas que puedan ayudar a los médicos a la prescripción de una mejor antibioterapia empírica. Diseno: ˜ Estudio transversal prospectivo. Emplazamiento: Comunidad de Getafe (Madrid). Nivel de atención primaria. Participantes: 100 cepas de E. coli, escogidas al azar, aisladas de orina (104 ->105 ufc/ml) de diferentes pacientes de centros de atención primaria del área de Getafe. Mediciones principales: Se evaluó la sensibilidad antibiótica de las cepas y los resultados se estratificaron por edad y tipo de ITU. Se analizaron los datos clínicos y demográficos de los pacientes de los que provenían, clasificándose cada episodio como ITU complicada o ITU no complicada. Resultados: Las cepas aisladas de pacientes con ITU no complicada mostraron una sensibilidad antibiótica significativamente mayor que las de ITU complicada a amoxicilina (65,9% vs. 30,6%, p = 0.001), amoxicilina/clavulánico (95,5% vs. 77,6%, p = 0.013) y ciprofloxacino (81,8% vs. 63,3%, p = 0.047). En la ITU complicada, la sensibilidad al ciprofloxacino fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de edad ≤65 anos ˜ en comparación con el grupo de mayor edad (78,3% vs. 50%, p = 0.041). Para el resto de antibióticos no se observaron diferencias significativas cuando se compararon por edad (≤65 versus >65), tanto en ITU no complicada como complicada. Conclusiones: Los datos clínicos y demográficos de los pacientes con ITU son de gran importancia en los resultados de la sensibilidad antibiótica en E. coli. Los antibiogramas estratificados por características de los pacientes podrían facilitar una mejor selección de antibioterapia empírica para las ITU en atención primaria.Sin financiación1.087 JCR (2019) Q3, 115/165 Medicine, General & Internal0.324 SJR (2019) Q2, 20/43 Family PracticeNo data IDR 2019UE

Factors associated with COVID-19-related death in people with rheumatic diseases: results from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registry

Objectives: To determine factors associated with COVID-19-related death in people with rheumatic diseases. Methods: Physician-reported registry of adults with rheumatic disease and confirmed or presumptive COVID-19 (from 24 March to 1 July 2020). The primary outcome was COVID-19-related death. Age, sex, smoking status, comorbidities, rheumatic disease diagnosis, disease activity and medications were included as covariates in multivariable logistic regression models. Analyses were further stratified according to rheumatic disease category. Results: Of 3729 patients (mean age 57 years, 68% female), 390 (10.5%) died. Independent factors associated with COVID-19-related death were age (66-75 years: OR 3.00, 95% CI 2.13 to 4.22; >75 years: 6.18, 4.47 to 8.53; both vs ≤65 years), male sex (1.46, 1.11 to 1.91), hypertension combined with cardiovascular disease (1.89, 1.31 to 2.73), chronic lung disease (1.68, 1.26 to 2.25) and prednisolone-equivalent dosage >10 mg/day (1.69, 1.18 to 2.41; vs no glucocorticoid intake). Moderate/high disease activity (vs remission/low disease activity) was associated with higher odds of death (1.87, 1.27 to 2.77). Rituximab (4.04, 2.32 to 7.03), sulfasalazine (3.60, 1.66 to 7.78), immunosuppressants (azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, ciclosporin, mycophenolate or tacrolimus: 2.22, 1.43 to 3.46) and not receiving any disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) (2.11, 1.48 to 3.01) were associated with higher odds of death, compared with methotrexate monotherapy. Other synthetic/biological DMARDs were not associated with COVID-19-related death. Conclusion: Among people with rheumatic disease, COVID-19-related death was associated with known general factors (older age, male sex and specific comorbidities) and disease-specific factors (disease activity and specific medications). The association with moderate/high disease activity highlights the importance of adequate disease control with DMARDs, preferably without increasing glucocorticoid dosages. Caution may be required with rituximab, sulfasalazine and some immunosuppressants