Energy exchange between nonlinear oscillators: An entropy foundation

In the field of vibrations of complex structures, energy methods like SEA and a series of mid-frequency methods, represent an important resource for computational analysis. All these methods are based in general on a linear formulation of the elastic problem. However, when nonlinearities are present, for example related to clearance or stiffening of joints, these methods, in principle, cannot be applied. This paper, on the basis of a theory presented recently by one of the authors, proposes a foundation of a new energy method able to deal with nonlinearities when studying the energy exchange between subsystems. The idea relies on the concept of a thermodynamic vibroacoustic temperature, that can be directly defined when introducing the entropy of a vibrating structure. The theory is introduced in general, and examples of calculation of the power flow between nonlinear resonators are presented introducing stiffening and clearences for systems with many degrees of freedom

Infiltration sintering of WCu alloys from copper-coated tungsten composite powders for superior mechanical properties and arc-ablation resistance

W70Cu30(W-30 wt.% Cu) alloys were fabricated using cold pressing and infiltration sintering methods from two types of powders, i.e., mixed copper-tungsten (M-Cu-W) powders and our newly developed copper-coated tungsten composite (Cu@W) powders. Microstructure, mechanical and arc-ablation properties of the W70Cu30 alloys were investigated, and the mechanism of enhanced physical/mechanical properties and arc-erosion resistance of the W70Cu30 alloys was discussed. For the W70Cu30 alloys prepared using the Cu@W powders, their physical properties, including hardness, electrical conductivity and relative density were much better than those prepared from the M-Cu-W powders. The W70Cu30 alloys fabricated from the Cu@W powders were free of cracks, and showed homogenous distributions of W and Cu network structures. Whereas for the alloys prepared from the M-Cu-W powders, segregation of Cu was observed and the segregation size was about 40–100 μm. Characterization of arc-erosion morphologies of the W70Cu30 alloys prepared with the Cu@W powders revealed the occurrence of evaporation of Cu phase; whereas that of W70Cu30 alloys prepared with the M-Cu-W powders revealed the occurrence of the sputtering of Cu. After arc breakdown for 200 times, mass loss of alloys made using the mixed powders was twice as much as those made using the coated composite powders. Based on the experimental results and theoretical analysis, an arc breakdown mechanism of the WCu-C alloys using the composite powders was proposed which is attributed to the formation of a homogeneous Cu-Cu network structure to uniformly disperse arc energy and dissipate the generated heat, thus prolonging the service life of the WCu alloy contacts

Significant Association of Estrogen Receptor Binding Site Variation with Bipolar Disorder in Females

Major depression is nearly twice as prevalent in women compared to men. In bipolar disorder, depressive episodes have been reported to be more common amongst female patients. Furthermore, periods of depression often correlate with periods of hormonal fluctuations. A link between hormone signaling and these mood disorders has, therefore, been suggested to exist in many studies. Estrogen, one of the primary female sex hormones, mediates its effect mostly by binding to estrogen receptors (ERs). Nuclear ERs function as transcription factors and regulate gene transcription by binding to specific DNA sequences. A nucleotide change in the binding sequence might alter the binding efficiency, which could affect transcription levels of nearby genes. In order to investigate if variation in ER DNA-binding sequences may be involved in mood disorders, we conducted a genome-wide study of ER DNA-binding in patients diagnosed with major depression or bipolar disorder. Association studies were performed within each gender separately and the results were corrected for multiple testing by the Bonferroni method. In the female bipolar disorder material a significant association result was found for rs6023059 (corrected p-value = 0.023; odds ratio (OR) 0.681, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.570–0.814), a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) placed downstream of the gene coding for transglutaminase 2 (TGM2). Thus, females with a specific genotype at this SNP may be more vulnerable to fluctuating estrogen levels, which may then act as a triggering factor for bipolar disorder

Self-declarations of environmental classification at Fass.se : Experiences from the reviewing process during 2020

Since 2005 Sweden has a unique environmental classification system for pharmaceutical substances. It is a self-declaration system where each pharmaceutical company is responsible for their own environmental information, which is published on the open web-based portal www.fass.se. Prior to publication the environmental risk assessments are reviewed by IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL) as an independent, external part. The present report describes the experiences from the review process during the year 2020.  In 2020, environmental risk assessments (ERAs) were sent in for review 773 times. 68% of the reviewed assessments received the comment no remarks and were recommended to be published, whereas the other 32% were either recommended or needed to be corrected before publication. 694 unique substances were published at Fass.se during 2020. Of these substances 52% were exempted from classification, 27% were classified regarding environmental risk, and 21% could not gain any classification due to lack of data.  The work of improving the review system is an on-going process. As a part of this work IVL performs studies to increase the knowledge of pharmaceuticals in the environment. During the last four years the focus for this type of work has been on proposing and developing a model for environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical products. In 2020 the focus was on improving the understanding of different stakeholder needs by mapping roles and responsibilities as well as drivers, incentives and barriers for different actors along the value chain. The results were published in the report (B2395) “Reduce environmental impacts of pharmaceuticals along the value chain” in September 2020

Self-declarations of environmental classification at Fass.se : Experiences from the reviewing process during 2020

Since 2005 Sweden has a unique environmental classification system for pharmaceutical substances. It is a self-declaration system where each pharmaceutical company is responsible for their own environmental information, which is published on the open web-based portal www.fass.se. Prior to publication the environmental risk assessments are reviewed by IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL) as an independent, external part. The present report describes the experiences from the review process during the year 2020.  In 2020, environmental risk assessments (ERAs) were sent in for review 773 times. 68% of the reviewed assessments received the comment no remarks and were recommended to be published, whereas the other 32% were either recommended or needed to be corrected before publication. 694 unique substances were published at Fass.se during 2020. Of these substances 52% were exempted from classification, 27% were classified regarding environmental risk, and 21% could not gain any classification due to lack of data.  The work of improving the review system is an on-going process. As a part of this work IVL performs studies to increase the knowledge of pharmaceuticals in the environment. During the last four years the focus for this type of work has been on proposing and developing a model for environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical products. In 2020 the focus was on improving the understanding of different stakeholder needs by mapping roles and responsibilities as well as drivers, incentives and barriers for different actors along the value chain. The results were published in the report (B2395) “Reduce environmental impacts of pharmaceuticals along the value chain” in September 2020

Self-declarations of environmental classification at Fass.se

Since 2005 Sweden has a unique environmental classification system for pharmaceutical products. It is a self-declaration system where each pharmaceutical company is responsible for their own environmental information. The environmental risk assessments are published on the web based portal www.Fass.se, which is open to the public. Prior to publication the environmental risk assessments are reviewed by IVL as an independent, external part to make sure that the classifications are based on a scientifically acceptable interpretation of the guidance for the pharmaceutical companies. The review of pre-published environmental risk assessments and system evaluation is an on-going task and the present report describes the experiences from the review process during the year 2014. With its iterative process, IVL gives feedback to LIF regarding the system as such, both from a scientific perspective as well as from a quality assurance perspective. In 2015, 400 environmental risk assessments were sent in for review. Of these 41% received the comment no remarks and were recommended to be published. Another 41% received the assessment remark and were recommended to be corrected before publication and 19% needed to be corrected and sent in for another review before publication. The number of times a document is re-sent in for revision has decreased during the last three years. One of the reasons is the development and implementation of the assessment tool, which has improved the review process and clarified the comments sent to the companies. The statistical calculations of the environmental risk assessments in this report are based on documents that were published at Fass.se during 2015. The total number of unique substances was 391 and 19% of these were classified regarding environmental risk. 50% were exempted from classification and 31% were reviewed, but no classification could be made due to lack of data. The work of improving the review system is an on-going process. Den här rapporten finns endast på engelska. Svensk sammanfattning finns i rapporten.Since 2005 Sweden has a unique environmental classification system for pharmaceutical products. It is a self-declaration system where each pharmaceutical company is responsible for their own environmental information. The environmental risk assessments are published on the web based portal www.Fass.se, which is open to the public. Prior to publication the environmental risk assessments are reviewed by IVL as an independent, external part to make sure that the classifications are based on a scientifically acceptable interpretation of the guidance for the pharmaceutical companies. The review of pre-published environmental risk assessments and system evaluation is an on-going task and the present report describes the experiences from the review process during the year 2014. With its iterative process, IVL gives feedback to LIF regarding the system as such, both from a scientific perspective as well as from a quality assurance perspective. In 2015, 400 environmental risk assessments were sent in for review. Of these 41% received the comment no remarks and were recommended to be published. Another 41% received the assessment remark and were recommended to be corrected before publication and 19% needed to be corrected and sent in for another review before publication. The number of times a document is re-sent in for revision has decreased during the last three years. One of the reasons is the development and implementation of the assessment tool, which has improved the review process and clarified the comments sent to the companies. The statistical calculations of the environmental risk assessments in this report are based on documents that were published at Fass.se during 2015. The total number of unique substances was 391 and 19% of these were classified regarding environmental risk. 50% were exempted from classification and 31% were reviewed, but no classification could be made due to lack of data. The work of improving the review system is an on-going process.This report describes the experiences gained during the review process in year 2015 of the system of self-declarations of environmental classification at www.Fass.se, and has been prepared with the aim to achieve transparency by explaining the role and the experiences of the reviewer, which may be useful in future development of the system. The main target groups are LIF and its member companies, as well as users of the environmental classifications, e.g. county councils and researchers

10 år med miljöklassificering av läkemedel på Fass.se

Temat för mötet var att sammanfatta vad som hittills har gjorts och att diskutera hur framtiden ser ut för miljöklassificering av läkemedel. Dagen var indelad i fyra olika sessioner, som behandlade följande: bakgrunden och syftet med miljöklassificeringen av läkemedel på www.fass.se; användningen av miljöklassificering av läkemedel på Fass.se; begränsningar och möjligheter vid lagstiftning och reglering samt hur arbetet med miljöinformation för läkemededel kan förbättras och få en bredare användning.Temat för mötet var att sammanfatta vad som hittills har gjorts och att diskutera hur framtiden ser ut för miljöklassificering av läkemedel. Dagen var indelad i fyra olika sessioner, som behandlade följande: bakgrunden och syftet med miljöklassificeringen av läkemedel på www.fass.se; användningen av miljöklassificering av läkemedel på Fass.se; begränsningar och möjligheter vid lagstiftning och reglering samt hur arbetet med miljöinformation för läkemededel kan förbättras och få en bredare användning. This report is only available in Swedish.Miljöklassificeringen av läkemedel på Fass.se har firat 10 år, vilket uppmärksammats genom ett dialogmöte i Stockholm den 7:e november 2016. I denna rapport redovisas diskussionerna från dagen

Self-declarations of environmental classification at Fass.se

Since 2005 Sweden has a unique environmental classification system for pharmaceutical products. It is a self-declaration system where each pharmaceutical company is responsible for their own environmental information. The environmental risk assessments are published on the web based portal www.Fass.se, which is open to the public. Prior to publication the environmental risk assessments are reviewed by IVL as an independent, external part to make sure that the classifications are based on a scientifically acceptable interpretation of the guidance for the pharmaceutical companies. The present report describes the experiences from the review process during the year 2016. Data for the statistical analyses are gained both from the Fass.se database and from the “progression list”, a spreadsheet the audit team uses to keep track of documents that have been reviewed or are under current review. In 2016, 450 environmental risk assessments were sent in for review. Of these 48% received the comment no remarks and were recommended to be published. 27% received the assessment remark and were recommended to be corrected before publication and 26% needed to be corrected and sent in for another review before publication. The total number of unique substances that were published at Fass.se during 2016 was 371. Of these 26% were classified regarding environmental risk, 34% were exempted from classification and 40% were reviewed, but no classification could be made due to lack of data. Of the classified substances 82% received the assessment insignificant risk. No substance was classified as posing high risk or being hazardous. Two substances (Estradiol and Terbinafine), published during 2016, were classified as posing a moderate risk. 60% of the unique substances were assessed for bioaccumulation potential but 90% of these were classified with low potential for bioaccumulation. 31% of the unique substances were assessed for degradation and 73% of these were classified as potentially persistent. The work of improving the review system is an on-going process. As a part of this work IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute performs studies and activities to increase the knowledge of pharmaceuticals in the environment. During 2016 IVL organized a Dialogue meeting, “10 years of environmental classification of pharmaceuticals at Fass.se”, with representatives from administrative authorities, industry, stakeholders and scientists in order to present and discuss the work with environmental classification of pharmaceuticals (Graae et al. 2017). In addition, experiences from the reviewing process of the self-declaration system of environmental classification of pharmaceuticals at Fass.se were summarized and evaluated in a peer-reviewed article (Magnér et al. 2017).Since 2005 Sweden has a unique environmental classification system for pharmaceutical products. It is a self-declaration system where each pharmaceutical company is responsible for their own environmental information. The environmental risk assessments are published on the web based portal www.Fass.se, which is open to the public. Prior to publication the environmental risk assessments are reviewed by IVL as an independent, external part to make sure that the classifications are based on a scientifically acceptable interpretation of the guidance for the pharmaceutical companies. The present report describes the experiences from the review process during the year 2016. Data for the statistical analyses are gained both from the Fass.se database and from the “progression list”, a spreadsheet the audit team uses to keep track of documents that have been reviewed or are under current review. In 2016, 450 environmental risk assessments were sent in for review. Of these 48% received the comment no remarks and were recommended to be published. 27% received the assessment remark and were recommended to be corrected before publication and 26% needed to be corrected and sent in for another review before publication. The total number of unique substances that were published at Fass.se during 2016 was 371. Of these 26% were classified regarding environmental risk, 34% were exempted from classification and 40% were reviewed, but no classification could be made due to lack of data. Of the classified substances 82% received the assessment insignificant risk. No substance was classified as posing high risk or being hazardous. Two substances (Estradiol and Terbinafine), published during 2016, were classified as posing a moderate risk. 60% of the unique substances were assessed for bioaccumulation potential but 90% of these were classified with low potential for bioaccumulation. 31% of the unique substances were assessed for degradation and 73% of these were classified as potentially persistent. The work of improving the review system is an on-going process. As a part of this work IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute performs studies and activities to increase the knowledge of pharmaceuticals in the environment. During 2016 IVL organized a Dialogue meeting, “10 years of environmental classification of pharmaceuticals at Fass.se”, with representatives from administrative authorities, industry, stakeholders and scientists in order to present and discuss the work with environmental classification of pharmaceuticals (Graae et al. 2017). In addition, experiences from the reviewing process of the self-declaration system of environmental classification of pharmaceuticals at Fass.se were summarized and evaluated in a peer-reviewed article (Magnér et al. 2017).IVL has since 2005, with the launch of the system of self-declarations of environmental classification at www.Fass.se, conducted a project focused on review of the self-declarations financed by LIF .This report describes the experiences gained during the review process in year 2016 and has been prepared with the aim to achieve transparency by explaining the role and the experiences of the reviewer, which may be useful in future development of the system. Den här rapporten finns endast på engelska. Svensk sammanfattning finns i rapporten

Self-declarations of environmental classification at Fass.se

Since 2005 Sweden has a unique environmental classification system for pharmaceutical products. It is a self-declaration system where each pharmaceutical company is responsible for their own environmental information. The environmental risk assessments are published on the web based portal www.Fass.se, which is open to the public. Prior to publication the environmental risk assessments are reviewed by IVL as an independent, external part to make sure that the classifications are based on a scientifically acceptable interpretation of the guidance for the pharmaceutical companies. The present report describes the experiences from the review process during the year 2016. Data for the statistical analyses are gained both from the Fass.se database and from the “progression list”, a spreadsheet the audit team uses to keep track of documents that have been reviewed or are under current review. In 2016, 450 environmental risk assessments were sent in for review. Of these 48% received the comment no remarks and were recommended to be published. 27% received the assessment remark and were recommended to be corrected before publication and 26% needed to be corrected and sent in for another review before publication. The total number of unique substances that were published at Fass.se during 2016 was 371. Of these 26% were classified regarding environmental risk, 34% were exempted from classification and 40% were reviewed, but no classification could be made due to lack of data. Of the classified substances 82% received the assessment insignificant risk. No substance was classified as posing high risk or being hazardous. Two substances (Estradiol and Terbinafine), published during 2016, were classified as posing a moderate risk. 60% of the unique substances were assessed for bioaccumulation potential but 90% of these were classified with low potential for bioaccumulation. 31% of the unique substances were assessed for degradation and 73% of these were classified as potentially persistent. The work of improving the review system is an on-going process. As a part of this work IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute performs studies and activities to increase the knowledge of pharmaceuticals in the environment. During 2016 IVL organized a Dialogue meeting, “10 years of environmental classification of pharmaceuticals at Fass.se”, with representatives from administrative authorities, industry, stakeholders and scientists in order to present and discuss the work with environmental classification of pharmaceuticals (Graae et al. 2017). In addition, experiences from the reviewing process of the self-declaration system of environmental classification of pharmaceuticals at Fass.se were summarized and evaluated in a peer-reviewed article (Magnér et al. 2017).Since 2005 Sweden has a unique environmental classification system for pharmaceutical products. It is a self-declaration system where each pharmaceutical company is responsible for their own environmental information. The environmental risk assessments are published on the web based portal www.Fass.se, which is open to the public. Prior to publication the environmental risk assessments are reviewed by IVL as an independent, external part to make sure that the classifications are based on a scientifically acceptable interpretation of the guidance for the pharmaceutical companies. The present report describes the experiences from the review process during the year 2016. Data for the statistical analyses are gained both from the Fass.se database and from the “progression list”, a spreadsheet the audit team uses to keep track of documents that have been reviewed or are under current review. In 2016, 450 environmental risk assessments were sent in for review. Of these 48% received the comment no remarks and were recommended to be published. 27% received the assessment remark and were recommended to be corrected before publication and 26% needed to be corrected and sent in for another review before publication. The total number of unique substances that were published at Fass.se during 2016 was 371. Of these 26% were classified regarding environmental risk, 34% were exempted from classification and 40% were reviewed, but no classification could be made due to lack of data. Of the classified substances 82% received the assessment insignificant risk. No substance was classified as posing high risk or being hazardous. Two substances (Estradiol and Terbinafine), published during 2016, were classified as posing a moderate risk. 60% of the unique substances were assessed for bioaccumulation potential but 90% of these were classified with low potential for bioaccumulation. 31% of the unique substances were assessed for degradation and 73% of these were classified as potentially persistent. The work of improving the review system is an on-going process. As a part of this work IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute performs studies and activities to increase the knowledge of pharmaceuticals in the environment. During 2016 IVL organized a Dialogue meeting, “10 years of environmental classification of pharmaceuticals at Fass.se”, with representatives from administrative authorities, industry, stakeholders and scientists in order to present and discuss the work with environmental classification of pharmaceuticals (Graae et al. 2017). In addition, experiences from the reviewing process of the self-declaration system of environmental classification of pharmaceuticals at Fass.se were summarized and evaluated in a peer-reviewed article (Magnér et al. 2017).IVL has since 2005, with the launch of the system of self-declarations of environmental classification at www.Fass.se, conducted a project focused on review of the self-declarations financed by LIF .This report describes the experiences gained during the review process in year 2016 and has been prepared with the aim to achieve transparency by explaining the role and the experiences of the reviewer, which may be useful in future development of the system. Den här rapporten finns endast på engelska. Svensk sammanfattning finns i rapporten